Yini i-MBR? konke odinga ukukwazi - VidaBytes

Umhlaba we-computing wabaningi uyinkimbinkimbi futhi awukwazi ukuyiqonda, kodwa kuyathakazelisa kakhulu futhi namuhla abantu abaningi banesithakazelo sokufunda ngezindaba ezihlobene nale ndawo yonke, yingakho namuhla sizokhuluma ngokuthi i-MBR iyini, kanjani umsebenzi wayo, ukuthi ingasetshenziselwa ini nokunye okuningi.

Yini i-MBR?

Irekhodi eliyinhloko le-boot noma njengerekhodi eliyinhloko le-boot (MBR) livame ukwaziwa ngesiNgisi kungaba yi-Master Boot Record, ichazwa njengomkhakha we-hard disk enesibopho sokukhomba lapho ukuhlukaniswa okusebenzayo kungaba khona kuyo, kwenye. Iqembu futhi yilona elenza isenzo esishiwo njengamanje uhlelo lomkhakha we-boot walokho kwahlukana.

Ngaphakathi kwalo mkhakha, kungenzeka ukukhomba ukuthi isistimu yokusebenza ikuphi futhi ngale ndlela ulwazi lokuqala lungavunyelwa, oluzobe luphethe isitoreji esiyinhloko noma i-RAM yekhompyutha. Kufakwe kurekhodi eliyinhloko le-boot yitafula lapho ukwahlukanisa ngakunye kungabonakala, kanye nenani lama-partitions angabukwa ku-hard drive.

Kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuthi lapho ubhutha ngokuqondile ku-hard drive, i-BIOS icushwa ngokushesha futhi yenza ikhophi yakho konke okuqukethwe kwe-MBR ekhelini elizohlala lihleliwe ngaphakathi kwememori ukuze likunikeze ngokugcwele. ukulawula. Le khodi ngokuvamile iqala ngokuzenzakalelayo ohlelweni lokusebenza kusuka ku-hard drive, isuka ku-Boot-Loader noma isilayishi.

Umsebenzi

Uma ikhompuyutha ivuliwe futhi i-BIOS kulindeleke ukuthi isebenze ngaphakathi kokuhlolwa kwehadiwe ukuze bakwazi ukubona ukuthi i-boot medium iyini, khona-ke umkhakha wokuqala we-hard drive uzolayishwa, futhi ngaleyo ndlela i-MBR, banetafula izingxenye noma ukuhlukaniswa kwe-hard disk kodwa futhi nohlelo oluncane oluphethe ukukhombisa ukuthi isistimu yokusebenza ilayishwa kanjani.

Bonke abaphathi be-boot emakethe banamandla okusekela ukukhethwa kwezinhlelo zokusebenza ezizolandelwa njengoba zitholakala kulo mkhakha, kodwa esimweni se-MBR inesibopho sokusesha lapho ukuhlukaniswa kuboniswe khona nokuthi kungenziwa kanjani kusebenze ngaphakathi. umkhakha wamabhuthi.

Isakhiwo

Uma ibonwa ngokombono ongokoqobo, ngokuyisisekelo i-MBR igxile kumkhakha we-boot ye-512-byte noma ukuhlukaniswa komkhakha, kwenzeka kumakhompyutha uma ehambisana ngokugcwele, ayi-IBM. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, lolu hlobo lwe-MBR lusetshenziswa kakhulu kumakhompiyutha e-clone, lusetshenziswa kaningi kangangokuthi amazinga amasha we-cross-platform wokuhlukanisa nokuqalisa nawo afakwe kwezinye izinhlobo zamakhompyutha.

Ekuqaleni kweminyaka eyishumi yama-80s emhlabeni we-computing izinguquko ezinkulu noma izinguquko zatholwa ngenxa yokwethulwa kwe-IBM PC yokuqala njengoba ngesikhathi esifushane ikwazile ukufinyelela izinga lezakhiwo elalihambisana ngokugcwele, futhi ngale ndlela. amakhompiyutha ahlukahlukene akhiqizwa avela ukuthi ayahambisana. Zonke lezi zimo zazifaneleka ngokuphelele ekuthuthukisweni kwekhompuyutha yomuntu siqu.

Inkampani ye-IBM yakha ikhompuyutha eyayakhiwe ngesakhiwo esivulekile ukuze zonke ezinye izinkampani noma abakhiqizi bamakhompiyutha bakwazi ukwakha eyabo besebenzisa izakhiwo ezifanayo, yebo, kodwa njalo benokulawula okugcwele phezu kwe-IBM ngenxa ye-BIOS yayo. Ekuqaleni kwawo-XNUMX, ukuthengiswa kwezingxenye ze-PC okuxekethile kwaqala ukwanda kakhulu futhi ngale ndlela lokho okwaziwa namuhla ngokuthi i-Clone Computer kwazalwa.

Uma kuyisimo sokuthi idivayisi yokugcina idatha ihlukaniswe yaba amayunithi anengqondo ukugcina ulwazi ngokusebenzisa uhlelo lwethebula lokuhlukanisa le-MBR, izokwakhiwa okufakiwe okuyinhloko okufanayo, ngakolunye uhlangothi okufakiwe okuhlukanisayo kuyagcinwa. kumarekhodi elogi enwetshiwe alebulwe kudiski ye-BSD kanye nezingxenyeni zemethadatha Yesiphathi Sediski Esinengqondo, njengoba amelelwa ngokugcwele yilabo abafakiwe abahlukanisayo abayinhloko.

Ukuqonda inqubo yokuqalisa yekhompyutha yakho

Okwamanje inkinobho icindezelwa ukuvula ikhompuyutha, inqubo yenziwa ngendlela uhlelo lokusebenza olulayishwa ngayo kumemori yayo, kusukela ngomzuzu wokuqala konke lokhu kukhishwa kuzoncika kusakhiwo sokuhlukanisa se-HDD.

Kufanele kukhulunywe ukuthi kunezinhlobo ezimbili zesakhiwo sokuhlukanisa okuyizi; I-MBR ne-GPT nokho isakhiwo sokuhlukanisa sakhiwe ngamadrayivu amathathu athile:

Isakhiwo sedatha kudiski.
Ikhodi esetshenziswe ngesikhathi sokuqalisa, uma ukwahlukanisa kusebenzeka.
Futhi kusukela lapho ukwahlukanisa kuqala futhi lapho kuphelela khona.

Inqubo yokuqalisa ye-MBR

Kufanele kukhunjulwe ukuthi uma uhlelo lwekhompiyutha lusebenzisa isakhiwo sokuhlukanisa i-MBR, lapho uqala inqubo yokwenza, i-BIOS edingekayo izolayishwa (iqondwa yi-(Basic Input / Output System) ihlanganisa i-firmware ye-bootloader.

Imisebenzi yezinga eliphansi njengokufunda kukhibhodi, faka ukuze ubuke ividiyo, yenza okokufaka/okuphumayo kwediski, kanye nekhodi yokulayisha i-bootloader yesiteji sokuqala itholakala ku-firmware ye-bootloader. Konke lokhu kwenziwa ngaphambi kokuba i-BIOS ikwazi ukuthola ukuthi iyiphi isistimu yokuqalisa futhi ngale ndlela kungenzeka futhi ukulandela ukulandelana kwemisebenzi yokucushwa kwesistimu eqala ngokulandelayo:

Amandla ekuzihloleni.
Ithola futhi iqalise ikhadi levidiyo.
Isibonisi sesikrini sokuqalisa se-BIOS.
Yenza ukuhlola okufushane kwenkumbulo (RAM).
Lungiselela ipulaki nezinsiza zokudlala
Ikhomba idivayisi yokuqalisa.

Enye i-BIOS esivele ikwazi ukuthola ukuthi iyiphi idivayisi ye-boot esebenzayo, iqhubeka nokufunda ibhulokhi yokuqala yediski yedivayisi etholakala kumemori yayo, leli bhulokhi lokuqala yi-MBR futhi linosayizi wamabhayithi angu-512 ngokulandelanayo. , equkethe izinto ezintathu okufanele zingene kulesi sikhala, lezi zici yilezi ezilandelayo:

I-bootloader yokuqala (440 bytes)
Ithebula lokuhlukanisa idiski (amabhayithi angu-16 ngengxenye X 4), i-MBR isekela izingxenye ezine kuphela.
Amasignesha ediski (amabhayithi angu-4)

Uma lesi sigaba sesifinyelelwe, i-MBR yingoba ithebula lokuhlukanisa liskeniwe kodwa futhi irekhodi lokuqalisa ivolumu (VBR) lilayishwa ku-RAM.

I-VBR ibonakala ngokuba isilayishi sohlelo sokuqala (IPL) okuyikhodi lapho inqubo yokuqalisa iqalwa, ngokuvamile lesi silayishi sohlelo sokuqala senziwa isilayishi sebhuthi phakathi nesigaba saso sesibili esilandelwa Lokhu kuzolayisha ukusebenza kwesistimu.

Ngaphakathi kwezinhlelo ezithathwe ku-Winona NT kanye naku-Windows XP, i-IPL yenziwa noma nini lapho kuqala inqubo, ngoba okokuqala kuzo zonke uhlelo olwaziwa nge-NT Loader kufanele lulayishwe ukuze emva kwalokho luqale ngalo. ukwenziwa kwesistimu yokusebenza.

Inqubo yokuqalisa ye-GPT

Okwamanje lapho inqubo yokuqalisa yenziwa ngesakhiwo sokuhlukanisa se-GPT, lokhu okulandelayo kufinyelelwa: I-GPT isebenzisa i-Unified Extensible Firmware Interface (UEFI) ukugwema inqubo ye-MBR futhi ngaleyo ndlela yandise isitoreji kumphathi wefayela. isigaba sokuqala senqubo.

I-interface ye-firmware eyandisiwe ehlanganiswe ngaphakathi kwesistimu ngokuvamile ithuthuke kakhulu kunesistimu eyenza i-BiOS, ngoba ngayo uhlelo lwefayela lungacutshungulwa, kuhlanganise nokulayisha amafayela ngokwalo.

Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, lapho umshini uvuliwe, into yokuqala esebenzayo yi-UEFI ukuze kwenziwe imisebenzi yokucushwa kwesistimu yekhompyutha, njengokuthi: ukuphathwa kwamandla, izinsuku zokucushwa kanye nezinye izingxenye zokucushwa. njengaku-BIOS.

Uma i-UEFI isivele ifunde ithebula lokuhlukanisa le-GPT GUID (Globally Unique IDentifier), sekungashiwo ukuthi inqubo isivele ingaphakathi kwamabhulokhi okuqala eyunithi ukuze icaciswe kakhudlwana ngemuva nje kwe-block 0, esenayo i-MBR ye-Legacy. I-BIOS.

I-GPT iphethe ukuchaza amathebula okuhlukanisa ediski isilayishi saso siqaliswe ku-EFI (Extensible Firmware Interface) yonke into ngandlela thize ehlonza ukwahlukanisa kwesistimu ye-EFI. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi yonke i-partition yesistimu inama-bootloader amasistimu ahlukene afakwe kwezinye izingxenye ku-hard drive. Umphathi we-boot noma owaziwa nangokuthi i-bootloader, nguyena ophethe ukuqalisa uhlelo olufana nomphathi we-boot ye-Windows, ukuze uhlelo lokusebenza lukwazi ukulayishwa kamuva.

Izinzuzo kanye nebubi be I-MBR ne-GTP

Idiski ye-MBR inamandla okusebenzisa izingxenye ezine eziyinhloko. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, uma izingxenye eziningi ezengeziwe zidingeka ukuthi zenziwe, njengengxenye yesine, ukuze kwenziwe ukwahlukanisa okunwetshiwe, kufanele kwenziwe kusukela ku-sub- ama-partitions noma amayunithi anengqondo ngaphakathi kwayo ukuze uzuze lokho okufunayo. Ku-MBR, i-32-bit ivamise ukusetshenziselwa ukubhalisa ama-partitions, ngoba ngayinye yazo ivamise ukukhawulelwa kusayizi omkhulu wama-terabytes ama-2 (TB) wesitoreji.

Izinzuzo

Inzuzo yalo enkulu ukuthi lolu hlobo lwenqubo luhambisana nezinhlelo eziningi, ngakho-ke akukho ukuphazamiseka lapho.

nebubi

Izingxenye ezine kuphela ezingenziwa ngokulandelana, kodwa futhi unenketho yokuba nezingxenye ezincane ezengeziwe ekuhlukaniseni kwesi-4.
Inomkhawulo kasayizi wokuhlukanisa wesilinganiso esiphezulu esingu-2 terabytes (TB).
Ulwazi lokuhlukanisa olukhiqizwayo luvamise ukugcinwa endaweni ethile okuyi-MBR, yingakho uma lonakaliswa noma kwenzeka iphutha, yonke idiski iba ingafundeki nhlobo ngenxa yalesi sizathu.

I-GUID Partition Table (GPT) ithathwa njengendinganiso yakamuva yokuchaza ukwakheka kokuhlukanisa kwe-hard drive. Njengoba kukho konke lokhu ama-GUID noma izihlonzi ezihlukile zomhlaba ziyacatshangelwa ukuze kuchazwe isakhiwo sokuhlukanisa. I-GTP iyingxenye yezindinganiso ze-UEFI, okusho ukuthi isekelwe ohlelweni lwe-UEFI futhi ngale ndlela ingafakwa kuphela kudiski esebenzisa i-GPT, isibonelo esicacile salokhu umsebenzi wokuqalisa ovikelekile ku-Windows 8. .

Nge-GPT kwakhiwa inani elingenamkhawulo lama-partitions kodwa kwezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza ukwahlukanisa kufanele kukhawulelwe ku-128. Ngakolunye uhlangothi i-GPT ayinawo umkhawulo kasayizi othize wokubamba iqhaza.

buhle

Yenziwe ngenani elingenamkhawulo lama-partitions, imikhawulo ekhombayo ikhiqizwa isistimu yokusebenza, isibonelo, iWindows ivumela kuphela ukuhlukaniswa kwe-128.
Ayinawo umkhawulo ngokosayizi wokuhlukanisa njengoba incike ohlelweni lokusebenza ngaso sonke isikhathi, umkhawulo wayo ngokwawo mkhulu kakhulu kunanoma iyiphi idiski eyenziwe kuze kube manje.
I-GPT igcina ikhophi ye-partition kanye nedatha yokuqalisa ukuze ukwazi ukuyithola uma yonakale ngesikhathi senhlokweni enkulu ye-GPT.
Ingakwazi ukugcina amanani okuhlola ukuphindaphindeka kwe-cyclic ukuze kuqinisekiswe ubuqotho bayo yonke idatha yayo, uma kwenzeka inkohlakalo, i-GPT inamandla okubona izinkinga futhi ngaleyo ndlela ibe nethuba lokubuyisela idatha. idatha eyonakele, ukusuka kwenye indawo kudrayivu.

I-Contras

Ububi bayo obukhulu ukuthi azikho izimo lapho ingasetshenziswa ezinhlelweni zokusebenza ezindala njengoba engahambisani nhlobo futhi ngenxa yalesi sizathu izinqubo azikwazi ukwenziwa.

Izinyathelo zokuthola ukuthi idiski inetafula lokuhlukanisa le-GPT noma le-MBR

Indlela engcono kakhulu yokuqinisekisa uhlobo lokuhlukanisa lwanoma iyiphi i-hard drive exhunywe kukhompyutha ye-Windows ukusebenzisa ukuphathwa kwediski. Yingakho ukuqala ngazo zonke lezi zigaba zokuphatha idiski, kufanele kulandelwe uchungechunge lwezinyathelo, okuyilezi:

Ukuphathwa kwediski

Into engcono kakhulu ongayenza ukusebenzisa isinqamuleli sokhiye we-Windows-R ukuvula ibhokisi lokugijima.
Ngemva kokuyivula, kufanele ubhale igama elithi msc futhi ngemva kwalokho kufanele uqhubeke ucindezela ukhiye wokungena.
Lapho lesi sinyathelo senziwe, iWindows iyaqhubeka nokuskena ama-hard drive, futhi iwindi le-pop-up lizovela ngemuva kokuthi kudlule isikhathi esithile, kuzokwazi ukuqinisekisa uhlobo lokuhlukaniswa kwamadiski, konke chofoza inkinobho yesokudla kuthayela leDiski, elitholakala engxenyeni engezansi yesixhumi esibonakalayo. Qaphela kakhulu ukuthi kufanele uchofoze kwesokudla kuphela ku-Disk 1, Disk 2, njll. futhi hhayi kuma-partitions.
Ukuze uqhubeke, kufanele ukhethe inketho yezakhiwo ngaphakathi kwemenyu ezoboniswa, kulandele iwindi lezakhiwo lediski ekhethiwe. Uma isiqedile kufanele ushintshele kuthebhu yevolumu futhi ngale ndlela ubonise inani lesitayela sokuhlukanisa ngaphansi kolwazi lwediski efasiteleni le-pop-up.

Umugqa womyalo

Enye indlela yokufeza lokhu ngokusebenzisa umugqa womyalo.Le nqubo inezinzuzo ezihlukahlukene ezingasetshenziswa ngale ndlela ukuze ukwazi ukuhlola idiski, futhi okuyinhloko kungaba ukuthi ingenziwa ngokushesha kakhulu njengoba ingakwazi. wonke amadiski kanye nesitayela sokuhlukanisa ngokuqondile.

Ake sibone isinyathelo ngesinyathelo ngezansi:

Into yokuqala okufanele uyenze ukucindezela ukhiye we-Windows okulandelwa ukuthayipha i-exe ngenkathi ubambe izinkinobho ze-Ctrl + Shift ngesikhathi esifanayo ucindezela ukhiye wokungena.
Kulandelwa lokhu, kufanele uqinisekise isicelo se-UAC esivulekayo, ngokwenza kanjalo kuzobonisa iwindi lomyalo eliphakeme eliphakeme.
Ngemuva kwalokho kufanele ubhale i-diskpart bese ucindezela
Ilandelwa yilolo hlobo lwediski bese ucindezela u-Enter futhi.

Uma zonke izinyathelo ezibonisiwe sezenziwe, kungashiwo ukuthi ikholomu ye-GPT ihloliwe, lapho kuzokwazi ukubona ukuthi idiski ethile i-MBR noma i-GPT. Ngalokhu, kunganqunywa uma inkanyezi (*) ibonwa kukholamu, kusho ukuthi idiski isebenzisa i-GPT, uma ngokuphambene nalokho ingenayo, bese isebenzisa i-MBR.

Imiyalo yokuguqula isuka ku-MBR iye ku-GPT futhi ngokuphambene nalokho

Kungase kube necala lapho udinga ukuguqula isakhiwo sokuhlukanisa seDiski ngesikhathi umlayezo wephutha uphonswa lapho uzama ukufaka iWindows kudiski, isibonelo esivame kakhulu ukuthi "IWindows ayikwazi ukufakwa noma idiski ekhethiwe ingeye-disk. isitayela se-GPT noma i-MBR yokuhlukanisa.

Kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuthi yonke le nqubo ezokwenziwa izosula yonke idatha ku-hard drive, yingakho uma ungafuni ukukwazi ukwenza kanjalo, kufanele wenze isipele sazo. noma ungakhetha futhi ukudlulisela ulwazi kwenye ifomethi.

Ukuguqula kusuka ku-MBR kuya ku-GPT

Into yokuqala okufanele uyenze ukufaka imidiya yokufaka iWindows le midiya ingaba yi-USB flash drive noma iDVD.
Ikhompyutha kufanele ivulwe kumodi ye-UEFI.
Ukukhetha uhlobo lokufaka olufunayo kuphephe kakhulu futhi kwenziwe kube ngokwakho.
Chofoza kuzo zonke izingxenye zeyunithi bese ulandelwa ngokukhetha susa, ngaleso sikhathi lapho umlayezo ubonakala esikrinini esithi; “Ufuna ukufaka kuphi iWindows?”
Ukuze uqhubeke ngemva kokususa idrayivu kuzovela indawo eyodwa yesikhala esingabelwe.
Kufanele ukhethe isikhala esabelwe bese uchofoza okulandelayo, ngale ndlela amafasitela azobona ukuthi ikhompyutha isivele iqalile ku-UEFI ngokuzenzakalelayo, izofometha kabusha iyunithi isebenzisa ifomethi yediski ye-GPT bese iguqula. Ukufakwa kuqala ngemva kwalokho.

Ukuguqula kusuka ku-GPT kuya ku-MBR

Vala ikhompuyutha bese ufaka iWindows media kungaba yi-USB flash drive noma iDVD
Vula ikhompyutha ku-DVD noma i-USB flash drive kwimodi ye-BIOS.
Khetha uhlobo lokufaka ngokwezifiso.
Uma ubona umlayezo esikrinini: "Ufuna ukufaka kuphi iWindows?". Zonke izingxenye zedrayivu kufanele zikhethwe bese zisuswa.
Lapho inqubo yokususa yenziwe, idrayivu izobonisa indawo eyodwa yesikhala esingabelwe. Kungakho kufanele ukhethe isikhala esingakabelwa bese uchofoza okulandelayo. IWindows izobona ukuthi ikhompuyutha yaqalwa ngemodi ye-BIOS futhi izofometha kabusha ngokuzenzakalelayo idrayivu isebenzisa ifomethi yediski ye-MBR bese iyayiguqula. Ukufakwa kuzoqala ngemva kokwenza lokho.

Uma lesi sihloko Yini i-MBR? konke odinga ukukwazi. Uma ukuthole kuthakazelisa, qiniseka ukuthi ufunda okulandelayo, okungahle kube ngendlela othanda ngayo:

Amaselula: kuyini, ukuthi zisebenza kanjani nokunye okuningi
Konke mayelana ne- amasistimu wolwazi ezinkampanini