Yini i-MVC? Yazi lokhu kwakhiwa kwesoftware!

Funda mayelana Yini i-MVC? Futhi njengoba lolu hlobo olusha lwesoftware luguqule umhlaba wekhodi nezimpawu zalo ezibaluleke kakhulu, konke lokhu kubonga kulokhu esizokutshela khona ngezansi.

Yini i-MVC?

I-MVC imele Isilawuli Sokubuka iModeli, inhloso yayo ukusebenza njengesisekelo sokwakhiwa kwesoftware. Ukwakhiwa kwesoftware yimikhombandlela eyenza ukwakhiwa kwalezi zinto, okunikeza imodeli yokuthi kufanele kube kanjani.

I-MVC, ngokungafani nezinye izakhiwo zesoftware, inamathisela ikhodi ngayinye ukunakekela umsebenzi othile, ngale ndlela, ikhodi yenziwa ngomsebenzi owodwa futhi yenziwa ngaphandle kokuphazamiseka.

Ukwenza kube lula ukusetshenziswa kwayo, sebenzisa i-interface yomsebenzisi, ngoba kulula ukuyiqonda futhi ixhuma ngqo ikhompyutha nomsebenzisi we-Intanethi. Ngokufanayo, ikhodi ye-MVC ingasetshenziselwa izinhlelo ezahlukahlukene noma ama-schema.

Isikhathi sayo sokusebenzisa side, siyasebenza futhi ukuxhumana kwaso kulula, ngoba sifuna ukudala isoftware ngaphandle kwezinkinga eziningi, njengakudala. Uhlelo lusebenzisa amakhodi ahlukene, noma ngabe asetshenzisiwe, futhi uwahlukanise ukuze asebenze kuphela emsebenzini owodwa noma umqondo ngamunye.

Njengoba kuchaziwe ngenhla, kuyisakhiwo, kepha kungani? Yebo, njengecebo lokwakha, lisungula amapulani wokusebenza ahlukene amathathu; imodeli, ukubuka nesilawuli.

Lo mqondo wokwehlukana nomqondo wamakhodi mdala futhi wathola umfutho ngenxa yezinhlaka ezinhle ezavela. Izinhlaka luhlobo lwesoftware efuna ukuxazulula inkinga futhi ukwakhiwa kwayo kusekelwe enkingeni uqobo.

Yini i-MVC?: Umlando Wemodeli, Ukubukwa Nezilawuli

Umqondo weModel, Views & Controllers kuthiwa wawungaphambi kokudalwa kwekhasi lewebhu. Bekungumbono ovela ku-GUI noma okokuqopha kwama-interface wevidiyo; Ama-GUI angamathuluzi asebenza ngokuhlangana komsebenzisi, okusebenzisa isoftware emele ngokuqukethwe okubukwayo, idatha etholakala ohlelweni.

Kwakungenye yezinto ezintsha zokuqala ukusebenzisa isoftware ehlukanisa imiqondo yayo ngemisebenzi ehlukile. Iqale njengombono kuma-70s, kamuva kuma-80s kwasetshenziswa inguqulo yeSmalltalk-80.

ISmalltalk-80 ilulimi olusebenzayo oluhlukile, ngokungafani ne-MCV, olungahlukanisi imiqondo nemisebenzi yalo. Inyunyana ye-MCV izonikezwa umtapo wezincwadi osebenzayo, ihlole izisekelo zayo.

Ekugcineni, ngasekupheleni kweminyaka engamashumi ayisishiyagalolunye, i-MVC yakhishwa njengomqondo wayo, ihlukaniswe ne-Smalltalk-80. Ekuqaleni, i-MCV bekuwuhlelo oluyisisekelo olungakasebenzisi uhlelo lwayo lokuhlukanisa ikhodi, ngokusekelwe kuphela kwimodi yokufaka.

Ngokuthuthuka kwezinyanga ezimbalwa lokhu bekushintsha, kusetshenziswa umbono, owawuyimodeli yokukhipha futhi uyihlanganisa nemodeli yokufaka. Eminyakeni edlule, lolu hlobo lwemodeli lwalungasenele kuzicelo zamanje, ngakho-ke, i-MVC yaguqukela kumqondo owaziwayo namuhla, kepha, yahamba ngezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene yaze yaba yilokho eyikho namuhla.

I-Hierarchical Model View Controller (HMVC)

Kungokunye kokuhlukahluka kokuqala, kwavela ekuqaleni kuka-2000. Ngokungafani ne-MVC, i-HMCV ilungiselela imodeli kuqala futhi ekugcineni umbono, ube inqubo ende ethe xaxa; Le nguqulo ayivumeli ukubuka ukuthi kubuyekezwe ngqo noma kufinyelele idatha.

I-Model View Adapter (MVA)

Yinguqulo esondele kulokho okuzoba yi-MVC, enokwakhiwa okufanayo ukuhlukanisa umsebenzi ngamunye noma ikhodi ngamazinga. Ngokungafani neyandulelayo, amazinga we-MVA umsebenzi ngamunye, kepha awavumeli noma yikuphi ukuxhumana phakathi kwemodeli nokubukwa okufana ne-MVC.

Umethuli Wokubuka Imodeli (MVP)

I-Model View Presenter iyaqhubeka nokusetshenziselwa ukuklama amaphuzu okuxhuma phakathi komsebenzisi ne-PC. Isetshenziselwa ukuvivinywa lapho iseva inika khona izimpendulo ezizimele futhi iguqula idatha enikezwa imodeli futhi iyicindezele ekubukweni.

I-Model View Viewmodel (MVVM)

Lolu hlobo lokwakhiwa kwesoftware luvula sonke isakhiwo semodeli nokubuka, okuxhunywe komunye nomunye, kufinyelela ukudluliswa okuphelele kwedatha. Lokhu kuthuthukisa imodeli ebonakalayo enhle futhi kunikeze ukuthuthukiswa okuhle kwemidwebo kuzinhlelo zokusebenza.

Yini enhle iMVC?

Leli thuluzi uhlelo lokudala isoftware, olusetshenziselwa ukwakha izinhlelo zekhwalithi enhle kakhulu, ngakho-ke, namuhla kufunwa ikhwalithi engcono kakhulu nokulula kohlelo.

Kusukela kwakhiwa iwebhu namakhompyutha, izinhlelo zithathe ukuqina okukhulu futhi onjiniyela bohlelo bathathe indima ebalulekile, ngoba baklama izinhlelo zokusebenza ezinhle noma isoftware eyaguqula umhlaba wonke. Ekwakheni uhlelo ngalunye kuyadingeka ukusebenzisa uhlelo olufanele lwekhodi.

Ukuhlela ngaphambili kwakuyinto esindayo futhi eyinkimbinkimbi, okungathatha isikhathi eside ukuletha okuthile okusha njengohlelo noma uhlelo lokusebenza, noma kunjalo, kancane kancane izinsizakalo noma izinhlelo zakhiwa ezenza kube lula inqubo. Kusuka ezinhlelweni ezahlukanisa ikhodi noma ezakwazi ukuhlangana, ngisho ngakunye.

Isilawuli Sokubuka iModeli sasiyisixazululo esifanele sonjiniyela bohlelo noma bohlelo, ngoba sasihlela ngamazinga wokusebenza ngakunye okwakufanele kwenziwe yikhodi futhi akukho msebenzi owaphazamisa omunye.

Inqubo yokuhlela yenziwa ibe lula kakhulu ngenxa yendlela i-MVC evumela ngayo amakhodi ukuthi asetshenziswe kabusha, ukuthola ukushelela okuphelele kunoma iyiphi into ehleliwe.

I-MVC ayigcini ngokuhlinzeka ngokulula kohlelo, kepha futhi iyakuvumela ukuthi kwenziwe ngokushesha okukhulu futhi kuholele ezinhlelweni zokusebenza ezisezingeni eliphakeme.

Uma uthanda le ndatshana, ngikumema ukuba ufunde "Amakilasi nezinto eJava", umsebenzi ophelele wemiqondo ngeJava, uzoyithanda nakanjani.

I-HTML ngaphandle kwe-MVC

Kungahle kube nzima ekuqaleni yonke incazelo yalolu hlelo lokwakhiwa kwesoftware, kepha-ke, bacabangela into efana nezinto ze-HTML, CSS ne-PHP.

Ngamunye wabo usetshenziselwa ukuhlela noma ukuklama ikhasi; Okuvame kakhulu yi-HTML, ekuqaleni eyayingenaso isakhiwo esakhiwe kahle futhi ngesikhathi sokuhlela ayizange ihlukanise noma yimuphi umsebenzi wayo, ngenxa yalokho, ikhodi yayixubekile futhi uma ufuna ukushintsha okuthile, bekufanele ushintshe yonke ikhodi.

Inkinga ye-HTML yenze umsebenzi wokuhlela waba yisidina kakhulu, futhi abanye ababhali bamakhodi babenombono omuhle wokwenza okuthile okwehlukanisa imithwalo yemfanelo lapho benza uhlelo: badala ulimi lweCSS. Ulimi lweCSS luvumela ukwaba nokuhlukanisa umsebenzi wekhodi ngayinye, kususwe umsebenzi oyisidina wokuphinda noma wokushintsha yonke ikhodi.

Ikhodi ye-Spaghetti

Icala le-HTML, akwenzeki ngaye kuphela; Imvamisa, ukudala amakhasi ahlukile ujwayele ukuhlanganisa amakhodi, afeza imisebenzi ehlukile. Amakhodi ajwayele ukuhlangana ukuze kuboniswe okufunwayo, okuthile okuzuzisayo, kepha, ngokwenza iphutha elincanyana kwamanye amakhodi, kuphoqa inqubo yonke ukuthi iphindwe.

Ulimi olusetshenzisiwe, luhlanganisiwe futhi luholela ekubeni umqambi ahambe igxathu negxathu ekulungiseni izinto, mhlawumbe, ezingahlobene.

Zonke lezi zinhlobo zamaphutha noma izimo zixazululwa ngokuhlukaniswa okulula kolimi, kungezwa ukuthi ngalinye ligxila emsebenzini owenziwayo. Akukhona nje kuphela ukuthi kunamaphutha wokwehlukanisa, kepha futhi nokungaqiniseki okwamanje kokufuna ukusebenzisa kabusha ikhodi, ebikade ibhajwe ngaphambili.

Ukube ikhodi efanayo ibizosetshenziselwa olunye uhlelo noma umsebenzi, bekufanele yenziwe kancane kakhulu, ngenxa ye-MVC lokhu akusadingeki, ngoba ikhodi isetshenziswe kabusha nokuthi yini ebisivele yakhiwe ngomzuzwana owodwa.

Isingeniso kuMethuli Wokubukwa Kwemodeli

Kusukela ekuqaleni kwendatshana kuchaziwe ukuthi isebenza kanjani nokuthi kungani imodeli isebenza, kodwa-ke, ingxenye ngayinye ayichazwanga ngokuqondile: The Model, The View and The Controller.

Imodeli

Yileveli yokuqala futhi ithola yonke imininingwane ephathelene nohlelo nokusebenza kwayo, okungukuthi, iphatha okuqukethwe kohlelo, izibuyekezo ezingaba khona.

Kukhona futhi ne- «logic yebhizinisi», equkethe ukuthi isistimu igcina kanjani, iguqula futhi iguqule imininingwane ngokubona kwayo.

Imodeli ivumela umsebenzisi ukuthi asebenzise imininingwane ayidingayo, ngaphandle kokuthi afune kumafayela angapheli, adinga ukungena kuphela futhi azokhonjiswa, ngokubuka kwe- «view», abakudingayo. Ukushintsha okuthile kusistimu noma kwimininingwane, kufanele udlule ku- "isilawuli", esithumela imininingwane kumodeli.

Imvamisa, imininingwane isebenza nabanye abalawuli futhi, esikhundleni sokusebenzisa i-SQL (ulimi lohlelo ukuze ukwazi ukulawula ngokuphelele idatha), ilungiswa ngqo kwezinye izingxenye zedatha, eziqukethe isigaba sayo nento.

Umbono

Umbono yi-rung lapho imininingwane ethunyelwe imodeli imelwe umsebenzisi, ikhombisa okuqukethwe kusixhumi esibonakalayo se-optical. Ikhodi yohlelo iyabonakala, ezosetshenzwa futhi ikhonjiswe kuzindawo zokuxhumana zomsebenzisi.

Le nto isebenza ngamakhodi we-HTML ne-PHP, ngoba angamakhodi afaneleke kakhulu ekwakheni ikhasi, iseva, njll. Lawa makhodi athunyelwa kokukhiphayo, okuwukuguqulwa okuphelele kolwazi oluthunyelwe imodeli.

Isilawuli

Isilawuli yiso esinikeza izimpendulo ezicelo zomsebenzisi, ezenziwe ngemodeli. Izicelo zihlobene nolwazi, kusukela ekuhleleni, ekwakheni noma ekusesheni noma yiluphi uhlobo lolwazi.

Kuyithuluzi elikuvumela futhi ukuthi uhlele ukuthi ulwazi lukhonjiswa kanjani, okusho ukuthi imininingwane izocutshungulwa futhi iboniswe kanjani "ekubukeni", lokhu futhi kube wushintsho lokuthi imodeli ilunikeza kanjani ulwazi. Kalula nje, isilawuli siyibhuloho phakathi kwemodeli nombono, owamukela isicelo futhi ongafinyelela ekubukekeni ukusikhombisa ngenye indlela.

Isilawuli nguyena onikeza impendulo yokuthi yini edingekayo noma lolu hlelo olwenziwe ludinga, inhloso yalo yokugcina ukuthi lonke ulwazi lufika ekuqaleni kwalo luze luphume.

Izakhi zihlangana kanjani?

Umsebenzi wengxenye ngayinye, njengoba kungabonakala, wenziwa unikezwa nge-oda futhi ngamunye uthonya umsebenzi wenye. Isilawuli, sijoyina abanye, senza umsebenzi ugeleze ngokwengeziwe futhi sinikezwe ukudala uhlelo noma uhlelo lokusebenza, noma kunjalo, lena incazelo engcono yokuthi yonke inqubo yenziwa kanjani:

1. Umsebenzisi we-Intanethi uqala ukusebenzisa izinketho ezahlukahlukene ukufaka i-interface yomsebenzisi, okusho ukuthi, ungena ekhasini noma kuseva ngokusebenzisa umphelelisi othile.
2. Isicelo samukelwa isilawuli, esithumela umlayezo ekubukweni nakumodeli. Zonke izicelo zenziwa ngumphathi womcimbi (iJava noma ikhodi ye-HTML, enikeza impendulo yekhodi yangaphandle).
3. Isilawuli ukugcwalisa isicelo, singena kwimodeli, lapho sisebenzisa khona imininingwane futhi siguqule isenzo salokho esikudingayo. Ukuze wenze izenzo ezithile, isilawuli kufanele sisebenzise amakhodi ahlukene ahlanganisiwe, ngamafuphi, iphethini yomyalo.
4.  Kwezinye izimo, isilawuli ukufeza umsebenzi ophelele sizosebenzisa idatha eningi kusuka kumodeli, okumele siyithumele ukuyibuka, sisebenza njengebhuloho.
5. Isilawuli sithumela yonke imininingwane noku-oda okunikezwe ngumsebenzisi we-Intanethi akubonayo, okumele kubonise ukubonwa kwento efiswayo.
6. Ukubuka, ukuze unikeze ukubonwa okuhle, kusebenzisa imininingwane eminingi ngangokunokwenzeka kusuka kumodeli futhi kukhombisa konke okukukho.
7. Njengoba imodeli ingenakuba nemininingwane mayelana nokuthi kwenzekani ngokubuka, isebenzisa uhlobo lwesoftware oluyixwayisa nganoma yiluphi ushintsho futhi, ngale ndlela, yenza ushintsho oludingekayo kulwazi noma kusixhumi esibonakalayo.
8. I-interface iphinda inqubo kuye ngokuxhumana ngakunye umsebenzisi we-Intanethi anakho ngenani lezenzo azenzayo.

Isetshenziswa kanjani ezinhlelweni zokusebenza zewebhu?

Lapho isoftware ye-MVC idalwa, bekucatshangwa ukuthi izosetshenziswa kumathuluzi wedeskithophu, ngoba ukusebenza kwayo nokuphendula kwayo kuzoba khona ngokushesha. Intuthuko yezobuchwepheshe yenze kwaba nokwenzeka ukuvumelanisa isoftware nezinhlelo zokusebenza ezibonakalayo, ukuphatha ukuphendula ngaphandle kokunqunywa kusengaphambili njengezinhlelo zedeskithophu.

I-MVC yaguqulelwa ezilimini ezibonakalayo, yafeza ukuthi amazinga ahlukene angahambisana nezilimi ezinjenge-HTML noma iJavaScript, phakathi kwezinye. Izinhlaka zisetshenziswa ukuze zikwazi ukuvumelanisa ukwakhiwa kwe-MVC, zenze enye yazo yewebhu.

Ukwakhiwa kwe-MVC kwempendulo ebonakalayo ngukuthi "iklayenti neseva", kulolu hlelo iklayenti lenza isicelo futhi iseva izoba ngumamukeli, okuzonikeza umphumela noma impendulo esicelweni.

Ekuqaleni, ukusebenzisa lolu hlobo lwezakhiwo, ukuthuthukiswa kwewebhu kwakungaphelele kangako, ngakho-ke, kwakugxilwe kusakhiwo "seklayenti elincanyana". Iklayenti elincanyana liyisakhiwo esiyinhloko, ngoba impendulo inikezwa kuseva emaphakathi ngakho-ke, kungahle kube ngemuva kwesikhathi; isixhumanisi sokuphendula siqonde ngqo phakathi kokufakwayo nokukhiphayo, ngaphandle kokuvalwa noma kusetshenzwe.

Le ndlela isetshenziswe kahle kakhulu, konke kunikezwa kusukela lapho umsebenzisi we-Intanethi engena kusixhumanisi, kusukela lapho isenzo esivula isixhumanisi, sidlule kwisilawuli bese sinikeza i-oda ukuthi sisibuke ukuze sibonise isithombe okufanele umsebenzisi buka. Izinto ezintathu ze-MVC zikuseva ebonakalayo, okunguyena ozonikeza impendulo.

I-MVC kanye nemininingwane

Ukuthuthuka kwezobuchwepheshe kuvumele ukuthuthukiswa kwamaseva nezilimi ezintsha ezikhiqiza ukuthuthukiswa okungcono kwe-MVC, okuvumela impendulo ukuthi ibe yinkimbinkimbi futhi iqonde ngqo kumsebenzisi.

Ukuze izicelo zibe nentuthuko enhle, i-MVC kumele ibe ne-database esebenza njengokwesekwa. Isizindalwazi siyisistimu yokuphatha yalo lonke ulwazi lohlelo lokusebenza, esisekela imodeli, isenze sigcine noma siguqule konke esikudingayo.

Ukubuka nesilawuli kugcinwa kwehlukile kunesizinda semininingwane, ngoba kukhona ukwahlukaniswa ngezendlalelo, okuvumela ingxenye yengqikithi ukuthi yenziwe ngendlela engcono kakhulu, inikeze indlela yokubuka ephelele kulo lonke ulwazi nokugcwaliswa ngakunye. Sebenza ohlangothini lwakho.

Uma ngabe uyithandile le ndatshana, ngikumema ukuthi ufunde i- "Izinhlobo zamalungiselelo ezinhlelweni", ichaza ukubaluleka kwayo ngokuphelele ekwakhiweni kwezinhlelo, ngiyazi ukuthi uzoyithanda.