Kukhompyutha yomuntu siqu, ungenza imisebenzi eminingi efana nokubhala amadokhumenti ombhalo, ukwenza kabusha noma ukuqala kabusha, ukwenza ibhajethi, ukubuka amavidiyo, ukulalela umculo, ukuhlola iwebhu, phakathi kokunye. Yiba nalo lonke ulwazi kulesi sihloko mayelana yini una PC noma ikhompyutha yedeskithophu, imvelaphi, ukuthi ingeyani nokunye okuningi.
Thola konke mayelana nokuthi iyini i-PC
Izinto zekhompiyutha zomuntu zibizwa nangokuthi ikhompyutha noma ikhompuyutha yomuntu siqu. Nokho, yaziwa kangcono ngokuthi isifinyezo se-PC esiphendula igama layo nge-English Personal Computer.
Elinye igama elivame ukubizwa ngalo ideskithophu noma ikhompyutha yedeskithophu, ngoba zihlala zisesimweni esingashintshi, okungukuthi, azikwazi ukuhanjiswa kalula ukusuka endaweni eyodwa kuya kwenye.
Ekuqaleni leli klasi lamakhompyutha amancane lalidalelwe ukusetshenziswa ngokukhethekile umsebenzisi oyedwa. I-acronym PC ngokuvamile ibhekisela kumakhompyutha ahambisana ne-IBM PC.
Ngokuvamile ikhompyutha yomuntu siqu inosayizi ophakathi nendawo futhi njengoba sekuchaziwe kakade isetshenziswa umuntu oyedwa. Kodwa-ke, kukhona amasistimu wokusebenza wabasebenzisi abaningi avumela abasebenzisi abaningi ukuthi basebenzise ikhompuyutha ngesikhathi esisodwa.
Uma kungakakucaceli yini ikhompuyutha yomuntu siqu noma i-PC, singakutshela ukuthi iyithuluzi lekhompyutha lesimanje elikwazi ukucubungula, ukwamukela nokugcina ulwazi. Ingakwazi futhi ukwenza izibalo noma imisebenzi enengqondo ngokuzenzakalelayo.
Ngenxa yalokhu okungenhla, kungashiwo ukuthi ikhompuyutha yomuntu siqu ihlelelwe ukwenza imisebenzi ehlukene njengokuthi: ukufunda, ukubhala imibhalo, ukuhlola i-inthanethi, ukuthenga nge-inthanethi, kanye nokwenza umsebenzi wasehhovisi noma wesikole, njengokuthi: ukubhala izincwadi, yenza ibhajethi, hlela imibhalo, dala imininingwane yolwazi, phakathi kokunye.
Uma ufuna ukuthola ezinye izici zokuthi i-PC iyini, naka isethulo esilandelayo lapho kuchazwa yonke into ngalesi sihloko.
Ukusetshenziswa kokuzijabulisa
Ngendlela efanayo, ikhompuyutha isetshenziselwa ukwenza imisebenzi yokuzijabulisa ehlukene njengokulalela umculo, ukubuka amavidiyo, ukubuka uchungechunge noma amafilimu, ukudlala imidlalo, ukukhuluma ngewebhu, phakathi kokunye.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, mayelana nokuhamba kwayo, izinhlobo ezimbili zihlukaniswa: ikhompyutha yedeskithophu kanye ne-laptop, zombili ziyakwazi ukwenza imisebenzi eshiwo ngenhla kodwa ziyehluka ngokuthi eyokuqala ayinakukwazi ukuthuthwa futhi iphinde isebenze kuphela exhunyiwe. endaweni kagesi, kuyilapho amakhompuyutha aphathekayo angayiswa noma kuphi futhi angasetshenziswa ngaphandle kokuxhunywa esitolo.
Umlando Wekhompuyutha Yomuntu Siqu noma i-PC
Ngaphambi kokuvela kwamakhompiyutha, kwakunamathuluzi amaningi okungewona awedijithali noma kagesi afana ne-abacus noma imishini eyasetshenziswa ukulwa nenani elikhulu lolwazi.
Esinye isandulela esiphawulekayo sekhompiyutha i-Harvard Mark I, ikhompyutha ye-electromechanical eyakhiwa ngo-1944 yinkampani yaseNyakatho Melika i-IBM, kamuva kwavela abalandela uColossus Mark I noColossus Mark 2.
Nokho,, Kwaze kwaba ngu-1964 lapho igama elithi ikhompyutha yomuntu siqu (PC) livela ezihlokweni eziningana kumagazini i-New Scientist. Mayelana nalokhu, u-Arthur L. Samuel we-IBM's Watson Research Center wabhala esihlokweni esithi "Ukuxoshwa Komsebenzi Wamaphepha":
“Nakuba kuzokwaziwa ngokuphelele ukuthola imfundo ekhaya, ngekhompyutha yomuntu siqu, imvelo yomuntu ngeke ishintshe, futhi kusazodingeka izikole ezinamalabhorethri, amakilasi nothisha abakhuthaza abafundi.
Phakathi kuka-1962 no-1964, unjiniyela wase-Italy u-Pier Giorgio Perotto wenkampani yase-Italy i-Olivetti wasungula ikhompuyutha yokuqala ebizwa ngokuthi i-Programma 101. Kubalulekile ukuveza ukuthi lo njiniyela uphinde wadala ikhadi lamagnetic.
Enye idatha yomlando
Le khompyutha yayibaluleke kakhulu kangangokuthi ngo-1969 i-NASA yayisebenzisa emsebenzini we-Apollo 11 ukuthumela umuntu wokuqala eNyangeni. Ngawo lowo nyaka, isiteshi sikamabonakude saseMelika i-ABC naso sasisebenzisa ukubikezela ukhetho lwezepolitiki, futhi amasosha ase-United States asisebenzisa ukuhlela amasu awo okusebenza eMpini yaseVietnam.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, inkampani ye-Hewlett Packard 9100 ngo-1968 yathatha umsebenzi wokuklama ikhompyutha yomuntu siqu efana kakhulu ne-Programma 101, lapho ibhekene necala lokukopela, itholakala inecala, kwadingeka ikhokhe u-Olivetti $900.000.
Naphezu kwakho konke ukusetshenziswa okwanikezwa ikhompuyutha, kwaze kwaba sekupheleni kweminyaka yawo-70 lapho yaba ithuluzi lomsebenzi, ngenxa yokwethulwa kwespredishithi se-VisiCalc. Ekuqaleni lolu hlelo lokusebenza bekungokwenkampani yakwa-Apple II futhi kamuva kwaba ngeye-IBM PC.
Manje, isizukulwane sesibili samakhompiyutha edeskithophu afika emakethe ngo-1977 saduma kakhulu futhi savamile phakathi kwabasebenzisi phakathi nawo-XNUMX, ukuguqula ikhompuyutha yomuntu siqu ibe ubuhlobo obunomthengi.
Qhubeka nomlando we-PC
Ngawo-XNUMX, ama-microcomputer athandwa kakhulu phakathi kwemindeni nabasebenzi, abathola ngokushesha ama-PC ngenxa yezindleko zabo eziphansi. Futhi ngenxa yokuthi ayengaguquguquki futhi enamandla kakhulu kunamakhompyutha izinkampani ezazinawo ngaleso sikhathi.
Esinye isizathu esenza amakhompiyutha athandwa kakhulu ukuthi ayevame ukusetshenziselwa imidlalo ngabathandi bekhompyutha.
Okubalulekile, amakhompyutha omuntu abe namandla kakhulu ngeminyaka yawo-XNUMXs, asula ngokuphelele umehluko omkhulu owawukhona phakathi kwama-PC kanye namakhompyutha anabasebenzisi abaningi njengamakhompyutha we-mainframe.
Okwamanje
Namuhla ama-microcomputer amaningi angahambisani ne-IBM ahlala ethandwa kakhulu ngokusetshenziswa okuqondile, naphezu kokuduma okugcwele kwamakhompyutha womuntu.
Amakhompyutha anamuhla asezingeni eliphezulu ahlukile kuma-PC ngoba womabili anokwethenjelwa futhi akwazi ukwenza imisebenzi eminingi, hhayi ngenxa yamandla e-Central Processing Unit (CPU).
Ngokuvamile, amakhompyutha amaningi omuntu siqu asebenzisa i-hardware design efana ne-IBM PC, futhi asebenzisa ama-microprocessors ahlobene nomndeni we-x86 wamaphrosesa adalwe yi-AMD, Intel, noma i-Cyrix.
Ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane, iphrosesa ye-Apple Computer's PowerPC kanye nesistimu yokusebenza ye-Mac OS X yayithandwa ngabasebenzisi abavame ukuyisebenzisela ukwakheka kwezithombe nokunye okunjalo, kanye nokusetshenziswa kahle ekhaya.
Kodwa-ke, kusukela ngo-2006, i-Apple yayeka ukukhiqiza amakhompiyutha ane-PowerPC microprocessors, esikhundleni sawo ngama-Intel. Naphezu kwalokhu, ahlala engahambisani, ngakho-ke ama-PC ahambisanayo asebenzisa uhlelo oluyisisekelo lokuphumayo (BIOS) kanti ama-Mac asebenzisa i-Unified Extensible Firmware Interface (EFI).
Ikhompuyutha yomuntu siqu yadalelwa ukusetshenziswa ekhaya ikakhulukazi hhayi izilungiselelo zebhizinisi noma zezimboni. Ngokusekelwe kulokhu kanye nokukhiqizwa okukhulu kwe-PC, kube lula ukuyithola kuzo zonke izinhlobo zomphakathi.
Ngokunjalo, zidalwe kucatshangelwa ukusetshenziswa kwazo kumakhasimende angewona ochwepheshe, ngokungafani namakhompiyutha amancane esizukulwane sokuqala ayedinga izifundo ezihlobene nezinto zikagesi.
Eminyakeni yokuqala yawo-XNUMX, ukusetshenziswa kwegama elithi "ikhompyutha yomuntu siqu" kwakwehla eYurophu nase-United States leli gama lashona ekupheleni kweshumi leminyaka elifanayo, konke lokhu kusabela ekukhethweni kwegama elithi "PC" kanye nokuvela kwekhompyutha yomuntu siqu ehambisana ne-IBM.
Amakhompuyutha Omuntu Siqu afakiwe
Ngaphambi kokwethula uhlu lwamakhompyutha avelele kusukela ngeminyaka yawo-1960 kuya kowe-1980, sicacisa imiklamo ebaluleke kakhulu e-United States:
- 1964: inkampani yase-Italy i-Olivetti idala i-Programma 101
- 1977: I-Apple II
- Ngonyaka ka-1981: IBM PC
- 1982: i-Commodore 64
- 1982: ZX Spectrum
- Kusukela ngo-1984: I-Apple Macintosh
Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi inqwaba yamakhompuyutha omuntu siqu avele phakathi nalesi sikhathi, kodwa ngaphandle kokubangela noma yimuphi umthelela obalulekile emakethe yase-US noma emlandweni wekhompyutha yasekhaya.
Amamodeli amaningi ahambisanayo olayini wesistimu ye-microcomputer eyodwa angafakwa ohlwini, njengemindeni ye-Apple II kanye ne-Tandy Radio Shack Z-80 (TRS-80).
Iyiphi i-PC ebaluleke kakhulu phakathi kuka-1960 no-1980?
Ngezansi kunohlu lwama-PC abaluleke kakhulu kusukela ngeminyaka yawo-1960 kuya ko-1980, okuhlanganisa unyaka wokudala, kanye nesifunda noma izwe lendabuko.
- 1960: I-EAI Pace (TR 48), i-PC enesisindo esingamakhilogremu angu-145 futhi ilinganisa amamitha angu-1,2 ububanzi, 60 cm ukujula no-60 cm ukuphakama.
- 1962: e-Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) - (USA), izinhlelo zokuqala zezithombe zenzelwe umsebenzisi ukuthi axhumane nesikrini.
- Ngo-1962: ENyuvesi yaseManchester (eNgilandi) ikhompuyutha ye-ATLAS, yethula imiqondo yesimanje njengokuphazamiseka, amapayipi, inkumbulo ebonakalayo, inkumbulo eshiyekile, kanye nenkumbulo ephejiwe.
- 1963: I-DEC (I-Digital Equipment Corporation) - (i-United States) yethula ikhompuyutha yokuqala encane ephumelelayo kwezohwebo.
- Ngo-1964: kuvela uchungechunge lwe-IBM S/360, kwakuwumndeni wokuqala wamakhompyutha womuntu siqu.
- 1965: "Control Data 6600" (Europe), supercomputer ene-60-bit CPU kanye ne-10 peripheral processing units (PPUs).
- 1977: I-Apple II (USA), yayinezithombe ezinemibala kanye nezikhala eziyisishiyagalombili zokunweba.
- Kakade ngo-1977: I-Tandy Radio Shack (TRS-80) (USA), kwakuyikhompyutha yomuntu siqu yokuqala enezindleko ezingaphansi kwama-dollar angu-600.
- 1977: I-Commodore PET (USA), iyikhompyutha yokuqala ephelele kunazo zonke, njengoba yayihlanganisa ikhibhodi, isikrini kanye ne-tape.
- 1979: I-Atari 400/800 (e-United States), iyikhompuyutha yokuqala ehlanganisa i-chipset ethile kanye ne-video chip ehlelekayo.
- Ekugcineni ngonyaka ka-1979: TI-99/4, kwaba umugqa wokuqala wamakhompyutha womuntu siqu nge-16-bit processor.
Amakhompyutha omuntu siqu kusukela ngawo-1980
- 1980: I-Commodore VIC-20 (eJalimane) ikhompyutha yasekhaya ivela ne-8-bit processor, 5 KB ye-RAM kanye ne-MOS 6502 CPU. Izindleko zayo zazingaphansi kwama-dollar angu-300.
- 1980: I-Osborne 1 (USA) kwakuyikhompuyutha yokuqala ephathekayo “yeLaptop”, enesisindo esingu-11kg nje, neprosesa engu-80 MHz Z4 kanye namakhilobhayithi angama-64 e-RAM.
- 1981: I-Texas Instruments TI-99/4A, ikhompuyutha ethuthukisiwe esuka ku-TI-99/4, iyikhompyutha yomuntu siqu yesibili ene-16-bit CPU futhi ingeyokuqala ukufaka ihluzo ze-sprite.
- Ngonyaka we-1981: I-IBM PC "Model 5150" (Boca Raton, Florida) inguqulo yasekuqaleni ye-IBM PC yesikhulumi sehadiwe ehambisanayo.
- 1981: I-Sinclair ZX81 (eYurophu), yayinekhibhodi ye-membrane, isisindo esingu-350g, i-RAM 1Kb. Ikhithi ibize u-49,95 pounds sterling, yathengiswa nase-United States, Argentina naseBrazil.
- Ngo-1981: I-BBC Micro (Europe), eyaziwa ngokuthi i-Beeb, yayingelinye lamakhompyutha okuqala asetshenziselwa izinjongo zokufundisa. Izikole eziningi zaseBrithani zayisebenzisa ukuze zifundise isayensi yamakhompiyutha nobuchwepheshe bolwazi.
- 1982: I-Kaypro yethula ikhompyutha ephathekayo ye-Kaypro II kanye nenkampani ye-Olivetti ikhompyutha ye-Olivetti M20 ene-Zilog Z8001 processor, yayinama-floppy drives amabili.
- 1982: I-Sinclair ZX Spectrum (eYurophu), ene-8-bit, i-Zilog Z80A microprocessor, yayiyintandokazi kubalandeli begeyimu yekhompyutha nevidiyo.
- Ngo-1982: I-Commodore 64, kwakuyikhompyutha yasekhaya engu-8-bit, ine-cassette drive kanye nohlobo lwe-floppy drive engu-5 1/4-intshi.
Siyaqhubeka ngeminyaka yamashumi ayisishiyagalombili
- 1983: Ikhompyutha yasekhaya ye-Coleco Adam enephrosesa engu-80MHz Zilog Z3.58A kanye no-64 KB RAM, 16 KB VRAM kanye no-32 KB ROM.
- 1983: I-MSX (Japan), i-microcomputer yasekhaya ene-8-bit processor, nayo yaphumelela e-Argentina, eBrazil, eChile, eCuba, eSpain, eFrance, eNetherlands naseSoviet Union. 1983: VTech Laser 200 (Hong Kong), bekuyikhompyutha eshibhe kakhulu emakethe, enephrosesa ye-Zilog Z80, inkumbulo engu-16 kB ROM, 4 noma 8 KB RAM enwebeka ibe ngu-64 kB.
- Ngonyaka ka-1984, kwasungulwa i-Amstrad/Schneider CPC (eNgilandi) Ikhompyutha yokusetshenziswa ekhaya yahlala izinyanga eziyisi-6 kuphela emakethe, yayine-8-bit Zilog Z80A processor kanye ne-RAM engu-48 KB.
- 1985: I-Atari ST, kwakuyikhompiyutha yasekhaya yokuqala ene-graphical interface, i-16-bit microprocessor, amachweba amaningi, inombolo yemibala. Bekuyikhompyutha eshibhe kakhulu futhi engaphezulu kwezigidi eziyisi-6 idayiswe emhlabeni jikelele.
- 1985: Ikhompyutha ye-Amiga 1000 yaziwa ngamakhono ayo omsindo nevidiyo, i-OS GUI yayo, kanye nohlelo lokuqala olunezintambo eziningi zokusebenza. Iphrosesa yayo bekuyi-Motorola 68000 ku-7.16 MHz kanye ne-RAM engu-8 MB.
- Ekugcineni, ngo-1987, i-Acorn Archimedes (Europe) yaklanywa, ikhompuyutha esekelwe ku-32-bit ARM processor eno-512 KB RAM.
Gcwalisa imininingwane yomlando kanye nokuvela kwamakhompyutha noma ama-PC ngokubuka ividiyo esikushiyela yona ngezansi:
Izinhlobo Zamakhompiyutha Omuntu Siqu
Amakhompiyutha ahlukaniswa ngokwejubane lawo langaphakathi nelangaphandle, eliphinde lihlukanise izingcezu ezicutshungulwayo ngomzuzwana. Kanye nomthamo wenkumbulo kanye ne-repertoire yezinhlelo zekhompyutha nezinhlelo zokusebenza engakwazi ukuzicubungula.
Ngendlela efanayo, izinhlobo zamakhompiyutha zihlukaniswa ngohlobo lomkhiqizi, ethandwa kakhulu yi-Intel, i-Qualcomm ne-AMD. Ngakho-ke, umkhiqizo ngamunye kanye nemodeli ye-microprocessor iqukethe ubuchwepheshe obuthile, kanye nobude bezingcezu zangaphakathi.
Ngenxa yalokhu okungenhla, kungaqinisekiswa ukuthi izinhlobo zamakhompiyutha omuntu siqu ziphendula izici ezizinqumayo, njengobukhulu bazo, amandla azo kanye nokusebenziseka kwazo.
Ngalo mqondo singabala phakathi kokunye izinhlobo ezilandelayo zamakhompyutha omuntu siqu:
- I-PC Workstation noma i-Workstation
- Ideskithophu
- ikhompyutha ye-quantum
- I-laptop
- Amakhompyutha aphezulu noma ama-Mainframes
- Amathebulethi nomakhalekhukhwini.
- I-Gamer ye-PC
Ngezansi sethula imininingwane enemininingwane ngayinye ngayinye:
I-PC Workstation
Indawo yokusebenzela noma i-Workstation (ngesiNgisi) ichazwa kwisayensi yekhompiyutha njengekhompyutha esebenza kahle kakhulu eyenzelwe imisebenzi yobuchwepheshe noma yesayensi evame ukuba yinkimbinkimbi kakhulu.
Ngenkathi kunethiwekhi yekhompiyutha kuyikhompyutha evumela abasebenzisi ukuthi bafinyelele kumaseva enethiwekhi nama-peripherals, njengalezi: ikhibhodi, igundane, ukuqapha, iphrinta, i-hard drive, amamodemu noma amanye amadivaysi angenawaya, phakathi kwabanye.
I-PC Workstation inekhadi lenethiwekhi, futhi iphinde ixhume kumaseva ngamakhebula noma ama-adaptha. Futhi, izingxenye zeseva nezindawo zokusebenza zithola ukusebenza okuphezulu kwekhompyutha.
Ngesikhathi esifanayo zingathembeka, zihambisane, futhi zinikeze ukulinganisa kanye nezakhiwo ezithuthukisiwe ezizenza zifanelekele izindawo ezinemicu eminingi futhi zisetshenziswe ochwepheshe abahlukahlukene.
Ezinye izici ze- I-PC Workstation
Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi izikhungo zokusebenza ezimaphakathi zanamuhla zinamandla kakhulu kunezizukulwane ezedlule. Ngenxa yalokhu, imakethe yendawo yokusebenza iba ngokhethekile kakhulu nsuku zonke, njengoba eminye yemisebenzi eyinkimbinkimbi ebidinga amasistimu anamandla ngaphambilini ingenziwa ngamakhompyutha ajwayelekile.
Kodwa-ke, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi i-hardware yendawo yokusebenza iphelele ukuze iphendule ngokushesha ezimweni ezidinga izinga eliphezulu lokusebenza nokuthembeka, lapho amakhompyutha endabuko ngokuvamile ayehluleka ukusebenza.
Namuhla kunabakhiqizi abaningi bezindawo zokusebenza abathengisa lawa makhompuyutha ngezinga elikhulu, phakathi kwabo sina: HP, Dell noma LENOVO ezisebenzisa x86-64 CPUs.
Siphinde sibe ne-Intel Xeon noma i-AMD Opteron ene-Microsoft Windows noma i-GNU/Linux isistimu yokusebenza; abakhiqizi i-Apple Inc. kanye ne-Sun Microsystems enesistimu yokusebenza ye-UNIX yeziteshi zabo zokusebenza.
Iziteshi zokusebenza zivame ukusetshenziswa ekwakhiweni kwesithombe, ukwenza imodeli ye-3D, ubunjiniyela, ukugqwayiza, ucwaningo, ukufunda okujulile, nokuphathwa kwedatha.
Ideskithophu
Ikhompuyutha yedeskithophu, ikhompuyutha yedeskithophu, ikhompyutha yedeskithophu noma ikhompuyutha egxilile uhlobo lwekhompuyutha yomuntu siqu eyaklanywa futhi yakhiqizwa ukuze isetshenziswe endaweni engashintshi, ngokuvamile ebekwe phezu kwedeski noma itafula lomsebenzi, okungenzeka ukuthi isetshenziswe emsebenzini noma ekhaya.
Igama elithi “Desktop Computer” livela egameni lesiNgisi elithi “Destkop”, elihunyushwe lisho ukuthi “phezu noma phezu kwedeski”; ngaleyo ndlela ihlukanise negama elithi "Laptop" elisho amakhompyutha aphathekayo.
Ngokuvamile, amakhompyutha adayiswa ngezinga lomuntu siqu futhi asebenzisa isistimu yokusebenza ye-Microsoft Windows ekusebenzeni kwawo abizwa ngokuthi i-PC noma ikhompyutha yomuntu siqu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, le microcomputer ingasetshenziswa umsebenzisi oyedwa noma abambalwa ngesikhathi esisodwa, kuye ngohlelo lokusebenza abasebenza ngalo.
Izingxenye
Amakhompiyutha omuntu siqu noma ama-PC anenani elikhulu lezingxenye ezingahlanganiswa ngokwehlukana zibe izigaba ezimbili eziqondile, okuyilezi:
- hardware:ingxenye ebonakalayo nebambekayo yesistimu, elingana nomzimba wekhompyutha. U-Ali uqukethe izinto zikagesi neze-elekthronikhi ezidingekayo ukwenza imisebenzi ebalulekile, njengokuphakelwa kwamandla kwe-PC.
- Isofthiwe: iwubuchopho noma ingqondo yekhompiyutha futhi imelelwa ingxenye yesistimu engaphatheki, engabonakali kanye nedijithali. Kule ngxenye, imisebenzi ithuthukiswa ngaphakathi kwendawo elingisiwe eyenza ukusebenzisana komsebenzisi wekhompyutha. Le ngxenye ihlanganisa zonke izinhlelo kusukela ohlelweni lokusebenza kuya ezinhlelweni ezifakwa kamuva, ezenza ikhompuyutha isebenze kahle.
ikhompyutha ye-quantum
Njengoba igama layo libonisa, ikhompuyutha ye-quantum iyisistimu yama-circuits e-quantum, ekwazi ukudala nokuphatha izingcezu ze-quantum, ezaziwa ngokuthi ama-qubits, okubavumela ukuthi benze imisebenzi eyinkimbinkimbi.
Umehluko ophawulekayo phakathi kwekhompuyutha ye-quantum kanye nekhompyutha evamile isivinini exazulula ngaso izibalo eziyinkimbinkimbi.
Ukusetshenziswa okukhulu kwale khompuyutha ukulingisa ukuziphatha kwento ezingeni lamangqamuzana, njengesibonelo izinkampani zezimoto iVolkswagen noma i-Daimler zilingisa ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali kwamabhethri ezimoto zikagesi ngamakhompyutha e-quantum, ukuze zithuthukise umthamo wazo.
Ngokufanayo, izinkampani ezenza imithi zisebenzisa uhlelo lwe-quantum ukuze zihlaziye futhi ziqhathanise izinhlanganisela zamakhemikhali ezingaholela ekukhiqizweni kwemithi emisha.
Sikumema ukuthi ubukele ividiyo elandelayo ukuze ufunde kabanzi mayelana nokuthi iyini i-PC ye-quantum, ukuthi ingeyani nokuthi ingawushintsha kanjani umhlaba.
Ikhompyutha ephathekayo
Ikhompyutha ephathekayo, ikhompyutha yamanothi, noma ikhompyutha yamanothi iyithuluzi lekhompuyutha elingathwalwa noma lithwalwe lisuka endaweni ethile liyiswe kwenye kalula, njengoba likhanya ngokomzimba.
Nakuba ubukhulu bayo, isisindo kanye nobukhulu bungaphansi kobekhompuyutha yedeskithophu, ikhompuyutha ephathekayo iyakwazi ukwenza imisebenzi eminingi eyenzayo. Esinye isizathu esizenza zithwaleke wukukwazi ukusebenza isikhathi esithile ngaphandle kokuxhunywa kumthombo kagesi wasekhaya, lokhu kungenxa yokuthi zinebhethri elishajwa kabusha.
Zisebenza futhi zixhumeke ngokuphelele kunethiwekhi kagesi. Kunezinhlobonhlobo zamakhompyutha aphathwayo emakethe, esingabala kuwo: ilaptop, i-notebook, netbook, I-Tablet PC, i-Smartphone noma i-Smart Telephone, umshini wokubala ophathwayo noma ikhonsoli yegeyimu yevidiyo, idivayisi ye-Inthanethi yeselula (MID), UMPC (Ultra Mobile I-PC, i-Ultra -mobile PC), i-eBook reader (i-eReader), i-GPS Navigator, i-PDA (Umsizi Wedijithali Womuntu Siqu, Umsizi Wedijithali Womuntu), Isidlali Semidiya Yedijithali: MP3, MP4, MP5, phakathi kwabanye.
Amakhompiyutha amakhulu
Ama-Supercomputers noma ama-Mainframes amathuluzi ekhompyutha anamandla kakhulu emhlabeni. Lawa makhompyutha ahlanganiswe ngamakhulu amaphrosesa asebenza ngokuhambisana njengeyunithi, ngakho-ke ayakwazi ukubala nokucubungula idatha ngendlela emangalisayo.
Yini ezenza zibe umshini okahle ongasetshenziselwa izinjongo ezithile njengasemkhakheni wesayensi, njengoba ngisho noma amakhompyutha amaningana esetshenziswa ngesikhathi esisodwa ukubala inani elikhulu ledatha, ngeke anikeze imiphumela elindelekile, ngokushesha okukhulu kakhulu. .
Ijubane lamakhompyutha amakhulu likalwa ngokuthi “Ama-Teraflops elilingana nezigidigidi zokusebenza ngomzuzwana. E-National University of Defence Technology yaseChina, kukhona i-"Tianhe-2" supercomputer ethathwa njengenkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni kuze kube manje.
Le khompuyutha enkulukazi ikwazi ukwenza imisebenzi engama-quadrillion angu-33.48 ngomzuzwana. Ama-Mainframes asetshenziswa kakhulu kulezi zindawo zocwaningo ezilandelayo:
- Esifundweni somkhathi
- Okokulingisa imithelela elimazayo neyingozi, efana nokuhlolwa kwenuzi
- ekubikezelweni kwesimo sezulu
I-PC Gamer
I-PC Gamer iyithuluzi lekhompiyutha elenzelwe ukusetshenziswa okukhethekile kwemidlalo enezinga eliphezulu lesithombe. Kodwa-ke, le khompyutha iyakwazi ukwenza yonke imisebenzi eyenziwa yikhompyutha evamile, njengokwenza imibhalo, ukwenza imiklamo ku-Photoshop, ukuphequlula iwebhu, ukuhlela izithombe, phakathi kokunye.
kulabo abangaziyo yini i-PC yokudlala, iwumshini onamandla inhloso yawo eyinhloko kuwukugijima imidlalo edinga izinsiza eziningi zehadiwe.
Zihlukile kumakhompuyutha omuntu siqu ngoba zihlanganisa iphrosesa ephezulu, inkumbulo ye-RAM yomthamo ophezulu kanye ne-broadband, futhi futhi zinekhadi elilodwa noma ngaphezulu lehluzo elikhiqiza izithombe ezinhle kakhulu zekhwalithi.
Ama-Gamer PC, ngaphezu kokusetshenziswa abalandeli begeyimu yevidiyo, akhethwa ezinye izinhlobo zabasebenzisi njengabadali bokuqukethwe, abaklami bezakhiwo nabaklami, ochwepheshe abasizakala ngale PC.
Uyazi ukuthi iyiphi i-Gamer PC engcono kakhulu ongayidlala futhi usebenze ngo-2021? Nansi ividiyo ephendula lo mbuzo.
Iyini i-Hardware ye-PC?
I-hardware, okokusebenza noma ukwesekwa ngokomzimba kuchazwa kukhompyutha njengezingxenye ezibonakalayo nezibambekayo zesistimu yekhompyutha, okungukuthi, zonke lezo zingxenye zangaphandle esingazithinta.
Ngokuphambene nesofthiwe, okuyingxenye engabambeki nenengqondo yohlelo lwekhompiyutha, ihadiwe lakhiwe ngezinto zikagesi, i-elekthronikhi, i-electromechanical kanye nemishini yekhompiyutha, kanye nezintambo, ama-peripheral, ifenisha noma amabhokisi nanoma iyiphi enye ingxenye ebonakalayo ibonakala ku-PC.
Kubalulekile ukugqamisa ukuthi ikhibhodi, igundane, izimpondo, ama-headphone, amakhamera ewebhu, imonitha, iphrinta, imakrofoni, isithwebuli, i-hard drive, ama-pen drives, ama-routers yizinto ezizungezile ezakha hardware yekhompuyutha yomuntu siqu.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, leli gama livela olimini lwesiNgisi futhi ukuhunyushwa kwalo kusiSpanishi akufani nanoma yiliphi igama lekhompyutha noma ibinzana, ngakho-ke lithathwe njengoba linjalo nokuthi libizwa kanjani.
Ngokusho kweRoyal Spanish Academy, i-hardware "Isethi yezingxenye ezakha ingxenye yekhompuyutha".
Imininingwane ebalulekile okufanele igqanyiswe ukuthi igama lamagama liyasetshenziswa nakweminye imikhakha yempilo yansuku zonke nobuchwepheshe, njengasemkhakheni wezogesi, ihadiwe yenziwe ngezinto zikagesi, ze-elekthronikhi, ezinezintambo kanye namabhodi esekethe aphrintiwe.
umlando wehadiwe
Umlando wezingxenyekazi zekhompiyutha uhlukaniswe waba izizukulwane ezimbalwa, ngasinye sethula ushintsho olubalulekile lwezobuchwepheshe. Okungukuthi:
- Isizukulwane sokuqala: Phakathi neminyaka engu-1 kuya ku-1945, izinto zikagesi zekhompuyutha zazenziwe ngama-relay namashubhu e-vacuum. Lapha sithola imishini yokuqala eyasusa izingxenye ze-electromechanical.
- Isizukulwane sesibili phakathi kuka-2 no-1957: i-transistor isusa amashubhu e-vacuum njengengxenye ye-electronic. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ubukhulu bekhompiyutha behliswa kakhulu.
- Isizukulwane sesi-3 kusukela ngo-1964 kuya ku-1980: I-electronics yekhompyutha yayihlanganisa ama-transistors nezinye izingxenye ze-elekthronikhi ezihlanganiswe nesekethe eyodwa.
- Isizukulwane sesi-4 kusukela ngo-1981 kuya ku-1990: I-IC LSI (Isikali Esihlanganisiwe Sokuhlanganisa Isikali Esididiyelwe) siyadalwa, nezingxenye zikagesi eziningi ezihlanganiswe kumjikelezo ofanayo ohlanganisiwe.
- Isizukulwane sesi-5 kusuka ngo-1991 kuya ku-2019: usayizi wekhompyutha wehliswe kakhulu
Isoftware ye-PC
Isoftware yaziwa njengazo zonke izingxenye zekhompuyutha, okungukuthi, yonke into engathintwa. Ngakho-ke, isofthiwe ibhekwa njengohlelo olusemthethweni lwesistimu yekhompiyutha, oluhlanganisa yonke imiyalelo okumele ikhompuyutha iyilandele ukuze ifeze imisebenzi.
Kubalulekile ukugqamisa ukuthi kunezincazelo eziningi ezifanayo komunye nomunye, ukusho isofthiwe, nokho, okwamukeleka kakhulu yilokhu okulandelayo, okukhishwe kuzinga le-IEEE 729:
"Kuyisethi yezinhlelo zekhompiyutha, izinqubo, imithetho, imibhalo kanye nedatha ehlobene, okuyingxenye yokusebenza kwesistimu yekhompyutha".
Uma sicabangela lo mqondo weSoftware, singawuqhathanisa nomqondo wekhompiyutha, njengoba kuyingxenye e-oda, ngezinhlelo nezinhlelo zokusebenza ezihlukene, izenzo okufanele zenziwe ukuze kufezwe umsebenzi othile.
Isibonelo salokhu iphrosesa yombhalo evumela umsebenzisi ukuthi abhale imibhalo, izinhlamvu namadokhumenti nge-Word. Kanye nesistimu yokusebenza evumela zonke ezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza ukuthi zisebenze ngendlela efanele futhi ngenxa yalokho inikeza ukuxhumana okuphelele phakathi komuntu nekhompyutha.
Sengiphetha, isoftware iyingxenye yekhompuyutha ethumela imiyalelo eyenziwa yi-hardware, lokhu kusebenzisana phakathi kwalezi zingxenye kwenza kube nokwenzeka ukuthi ikhompuyutha isebenze kahle.
Ukuhlukaniswa Kwesoftware
Namuhla kunezinhlobonhlobo eziningi sisofthiwe, okumele ifakwe esimweni futhi ifakwe kumshini kagesi ofuna ukuwuphatha. Isibonelo, amaphrosesa wegama ekhompuyutha, izinhlelo zokusebenza ze-smartphone, nezinhlelo zokulawula indiza zonke zisebenzisa ama-software ahlukene ukuze zikwazi ukusebenza.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-software amaningi asebenza ngesikhathi esifanayo ukuze afeze umsebenzi umsebenzisi afuna ukuwenza, le yindlela ongayidlala ngayo ividiyo, uphequlule i-inthanethi noma uvele ubhale umbhalo kukhompuyutha noma i-smartphone.
Nazi ezinye zezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zesoftware:
- Isistimu Yokukhipha Okuyisisekelo (BIOS)
- Isistimu yokusebenza
- Isofthiwe yohlelo lokusebenza
I-BIOS
I-BIOS iwuhlelo oluyisisekelo lokufakwayo/lokukhiphayo lwekhompyutha, leli gama livela kusifinyezo sesiNgisi (Isistimu Yokukhipha Okuyisisekelo). Kuyi-firmware ehlala ku-chip efakwe kumemori ye-ROM yekhompyutha.
Kuyinto isofthiwe okuyisisekelo kuwo wonke amakhompyutha, okuwukuxhumana phakathi kwe-hardware nesofthiwe yesistimu yokuqalisa, njengoba iphethe ukuvula nokuqalisa ikhompuyutha.
Ngamanye amazwi, lapho sicindezela inkinobho yamandla ku-PC yethu (kulokhu kuyi-Hardware) i-BIOS iphethe ukulandelana kwe-boot, okuyindlela yokuthi uhlelo lokusebenza luxhumane nekhibhodi, igundane kanye nokuqapha. , noma nezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza zokufaka/zokukhiphayo.
I-BIOS iphinde isetshenziselwe ukukhomba nokumisa izinto zehadiwe ezifana nemishini yokugcina yangaphandle, ama-hard drive, iprosesa, noma i-RAM.
Zitholele kuvidiyo elandelayo ezinye izici ezithakazelisayo mayelana ne-BIOS, okuzwakala ngayo lapho ufunda ama-PC, kodwa bambalwa abasebenzisi abakwaziyo ukuthi iyini. Lalela.
Amakilasi e-BIOS
Kubalulekile ukuveza ukuthi kunezinhlobo ezahlukene ze-BIOS, ezihlukile endleleni umkhiqizi aqopha ngayo ulwazi ku-chip ukuze ivumelane nememori ye-ROM lapho izofakwa khona. Phakathi kwabo sine:
- I-ROM: ibhekisela kusifushaniso nge-English Read Only Memory, ulwazi lwale BIOS kuphela pIngarekhodwa lapho umenzi enza i-chip, ngakho-ke ayikuvumi ukuguqulwa.
- I-EPROM (Inkumbulo Elungisekayo Efundeka Kuphela): ngokungafani neyangaphambili, ulwazi olukule BIOS lungashintshwa njengoba lurekhodwa futhi luhlelwe ngamathonya kagesi kusetshenziswa ukukhanya kwe-ultraviolet.
- I-FLASH BIOS: eyaziwa nangokuthi igama le-flash memory. Kuyi-chip eguquguqukayo engabhalwa kabusha ngohlelo olukhethekile olusebenzisa ama-impulses kagesi.
- I-PNP: ama-acronyms asuka emagameni esiNgisi athi "Plug and Play", lawa ma-BIOS ayakwazi ukubona ngokuzenzakalelayo noma iyiphi idivayisi yehadiwe exhunywe ku-PC, ngendlela efanayo esungula izinsiza zedivayisi eshiwo ukuthi isebenze kahle.
Isistimu yokusebenza ye-PC
Isistimu yokusebenza, i-OS noma i-OS (uhlelo olusebenzayo) iwukuhlangana kwezinhlelo ezilawula uhlelo lwekhompiyutha yekhompiyutha, bese ivumela ukusebenza okufanele kwezinye izinhlelo.
Ngamanye amazwi, yizo zonke izinhlelo ezilawula inkumbulo, imidiya yokugcina ulwazi, ama-hard drive, nezinsiza zangaphandle zekhompiyutha, kanye nesixhumi esibonakalayo somsebenzisi.
Uhlelo olusebenza kakhulu kumakhompyutha omuntu siqu yi-Microsoft Windows enesabelo esilinganiselwa ku-82,74% semakethe yekhompiyutha, ilandelwa yi-Apple Inc.'s macOS eno-13,23%, kanye nezinhlelo zokusebenza ezihlukene ze-GNU/Linux zihlezi endaweni yesithathu ngo-1,57%.
Kodwa-ke, lezi akuzona kuphela izinhlelo zokusebenza emakethe, kodwa yizona ezithandwa kakhulu. Ezinye izinhlobo zamasistimu okusebenza esingazithola yilezi ezilandelayo:
- I-OpenBSD.
- USolaris.
- I-Unix.
- I-FreeBSD.
- I-Android-x86 (GNU/Linux)
- I-Google Chrome OS (GNU/Linux)
Isofthiwe yohlelo lokusebenza
Isofthiwe yohlelo lokusebenza iwuhlelo oluklanyelwe ukwenza imisebenzi ethile, imisebenzi, noma imisebenzi ezuzisa umsebenzisi ngokuqondile. Lawa ma-softwares avame ukubizwa ngesifinyezo se-English App, kusuka kuhlelo lokusebenza.
Ngokuvamile, isofthiwe yohlelo lokusebenza yakhelwe futhi imakethwe ngokuhlukene nesofthiwe efakwe kukhompuyutha, ngakho-ke umsebenzisi onquma ukukhetha kwayo kanye nokufakwa okulandelayo ohlelweni lokusebenza lwekhompyutha.
Ngakho-ke, kungashiwo ukuthi lezi zinhlelo zokusebenza zifakwe ukuze zisebenze emisebenzini ethile njengethuluzi lomsebenzi, ukuzijabulisa noma ukuzijabulisa, nolwazi, phakathi kokunye.
Kodwa-ke, isofthiwe eminingi yohlelo lokusebenza isivele ifakwe ngaphambili ku-PC, ngenxa yezivumelwano phakathi kwezinkampani noma ukukhushulwa okukhethekile okunikezwa ukuthenga ikhompuyutha.
Izibonelo zesofthiwe yohlelo lokusebenza ama-word processors, iziphequluli zewebhu, izidlali zomsindo noma zevidiyo, izifanisi zendiza ye-aeronautical, ama-game consoles, izihleli zezithombe, amaspredishithi, izinhlelo zokuklama izithombe, njll. ama-encyclopedia edijithali, izichazamazwi zedijithali, phakathi kokunye.
Uyafuna ukwazi okwengeziwe ngesoftware yohlelo lokusebenza? Bese sikumema ukuthi ubone isethulo esilandelayo lapho uzothola khona imininingwane eminingi ngaleli thuluzi.
Ngale ndlela sifinyelela ekupheleni kwalesi sihloko lapho umbuzo mayelana nokuthi i-PC iphenduliwe, sikucela ukuthi wabelane ngokuqukethwe kwayo nabanye abafundi abanentshisekelo kule ndaba.
Ngendlela efanayo, sikunikeza okunye okuthunyelwe ongafunda mayelana nezinto ezahlukahlukene ezihlobene nobuchwepheshe. Chofoza lezi zixhumanisi:
Okungcono Uhlelo lwamahhala noma uhlelo lokusebenza lokuthatha izithombe
Ithuluzi Best noma Iphasiwedi Cracking Uhlelo
ukwazi i Ukushisa Kwephrosesa futhi kanjani ukulanda?
umehluko, Izimpawu Nezinhlobo Zencwajana
Ungakwenza kanjani Landa inkumbulo ye-RAM eyengeziwe nge-App?