Halaye na sabar yanar gizo Duk cikakkun bayanai!

Na gaba, za mu nuna muku abin da halaye na sabar yanar gizo da ƙarin koyo game da shi, game da wannan duniyar ta intanet.

Menene sabar yanar gizo kuma menene halayen sa?

Sabar yanar gizo, wanda kuma aka sani da "uwar garken HTTP"; Yana ɗaya daga cikin mahimman ɓangarori a cikin intanet da aikin shafin yanar gizo, tunda sune sabobin da ke kula da karɓa da watsa bayanai da abubuwan da zaku iya gani akan shafin. Duk abin da kuke gani a cikin wannan labarin: rubutu, hotuna, bidiyo, da sauransu. an shirya su akan sabar, don haka ba tare da shi ba, ba za ku ma iya ganin wannan ba.

Sabar uwar garke ta farko da ta wanzu a duniya ita ce "CERN httpd", wanda ya fito daga masanin kimiyyar lissafi da kwamfuta Tim Berners-Lee, ɗan asalin London, United Kingdom, a 1990. A daidai lokacin da aka samar da wannan sabar ta farko, The farkon mai binciken intanet da manyan abubuwan ci gaban shafukan yanar gizo, HTML da http, su ma an halicce su; wannan shine dalilin da yasa ake ɗaukar Tim (a halin yanzu yana raye) wanda ya kafa intanet.

Sabar yanar gizo, a cikin misalai na farko da abin da take a zahiri, ita ce kwamfutar da za a adana duk bayanan shafin intanet; A saboda wannan dalili, yana da mahimmanci cewa wannan kayan aikin yana da wasu halaye, duka a matakin software da matakin hardware; yana da kyau don iya ba mai amfani sabis mai inganci da kwanciyar hankali ga gidan yanar gizon su.

Yana faruwa, cewa idan sabar ba ta da mafi ƙarancin buƙatu, yana iya haifar da rushewar shafin kuma bai amsa daidai ba; ko kasawa hakan, ya faɗi, wani abu da ya zama ruwan dare gama gari akwai abokan ciniki da yawa da ke ƙoƙarin shiga shafi ɗaya. Yana yiwuwa ma uwar garken, lokacin da ya karɓi obalodi, ya ƙone.

Halaye na sabar yanar gizo

Kamar yadda muka fada, sabar tana da jerin sifofi don aikinta; Wajibi ne waɗannan su zama daidai, ta yadda babu matsala. Na gaba, za mu bayyana halayen da yakamata mutum ya samu, duka a cikin software da kuma cikin kayan aikin da kansa.

• Siffofin matakin software

A cikin wannan sashe, zamuyi magana game da duk shirye -shiryen da ake buƙata don adanawa, rarrabawa, amsawa, nunawa, a tsakanin sauran abubuwa da yawa; abun cikin gidan yanar gizon.

• • Tsarin aiki

Operating System (OS) na dukkan kayan aiki: wayar salula ko kwamfuta, ita ce babban abin da ake buƙata (gwargwadon manhaja) da ake buƙata don amfani da ita; ba tare da OS ba, ba zai yiwu kwamfutar ta yi aiki ba. Tunda shi ke da alhakin aiwatar da duk ayyukan, aikawa da karɓar bayanai, ga tsarin kayan aikin gabaɗaya kuma cewa sun amsa.

A halin yanzu, akan kwamfuta, manyan tsarin aiki sune Windows, Linux da MacOS; biyun farko sune mafi mashahuri OS da ake amfani dashi don sabar yanar gizo.

• • Tsarin fayil

Wannan halayyar uwar garken yanar gizoShi ne wanda zai ba da dama kuma ya taimaka wa Operating System, don samun damar yin nazari, yin oda, sarrafa fayilolin da aka adana a kwamfutar; a takaice dai, tsarin fayil ɗin zai ba mu damar, a matsayin masu amfani, mu iya karanta waɗancan fayilolin da gyara su, ko share su. Ga al'amuran al'ada, akwai tsarin fayil guda biyu na gama gari kuma ana amfani da su a halin yanzu: FAT32 da NTFS; wataƙila suna buga kararrawa kuma kun ji waɗannan biyun.

A yanayin da ake amfani da kwamfuta azaman sabar yanar gizo, tsarin fayil ɗin da aka fi amfani da su shine NFS ko REFS, waɗannan biyun a yanayin cewa OS shine Windows; idan tsarin aiki shine Linux misali, tsarin fayil ɗin da za a yi amfani da shi zai zama "ext4".

• • Sabis na HTTP

Bangaren ma'ana na uku, ko fasali a matakin software, na shafin yanar gizo shine Http. Wannan sabar ita ce wurin da za a dauki bakuncin shafukan yanar gizon mu; A takaice dai, zai zama bakuncin bakuncin mu. Lokacin da muka shiga shafin yanar gizo, za mu nemi masu karɓar bakuncin izini don samun dama da duba abun ciki; Idan amsar ta tabbata, ba za mu sami matsala shiga ta ba.

Akwai sabobin da yawa don waɗannan, galibi dole mutum ya biya don karɓar bakuncin gidajen yanar gizon mu akan su; duk da haka, muna kuma da wasu zaɓuɓɓukan kyauta. Daga cikin sabobin Http na yau da kullun, muna da: Apache, LiteSpeed, IIS, Nginx.

• • Kashe wakili da CDN

Wakilin wakili ne na tsaka -tsaki, wanda zai buƙaci buƙatun daga abokin ciniki (mu) zuwa sauran uwar garken makoma (inda aka shirya shafin yanar gizon). Dangane da wakili na baya, shine wanda ake amfani dashi a ɗaya gefen shafukan yanar gizo, babban sabar da suka fito.

Jerin wakili yana taimaka mana mu kare shafukan yanar gizon mu, bayanai sun yi sauri, za su iya taimaka mana taƙaita isa ga wasu shafuka; tsakanin sauran ayyuka.

• • Gudun talla

Hosting ɗin zai zama sararin ajiya a cikin sabar (riga ya san cewa wannan kwamfuta ce), inda za a dauki bakuncin ɗayan shafukan yanar gizo ɗaya ko fiye; runduna da yawa na iya zama tare da yin mu'amala a cikin sabar; Koyaya, ƙarshen baya yi, wannan shine babban bambanci.

Idan kuna da shafin yanar gizon da aka sadaukar don batun dabbobi, zai sami "ƙananan shafuka" da yawa, waɗanda za su fito daga babban; Don haka, tare da bakuncin baƙi, za ku iya ɗaukar duk waɗannan shafuka, a cikin adireshin IP ɗaya kuma bi da bi, dukkan su a cikin sashin kwamfuta ɗaya (wanda zai zama bakuncin). Idan kuna son ƙirƙirar wani shafin yanar gizon, tare da jigo daban; zaku iya ƙirƙirar wani masauki a cikin sabar ku kuma adana sabon rukunin yanar gizonku a can, ya bambanta da ɗayan.

• • Gudanarwa

Wani daga cikin halaye na sabar yanar gizo, shine kwamitin kula; A cikin wannan sashin, za mu sami damar sarrafa duk abin da ya shafi sabar mu da kuma karɓar bakuncin. Duk ayyukan, za mu same su a hoto da sauƙi.

Tare da kwamiti mai kulawa, za mu iya: gyara ko cire yankin rukunin shafukan yanar gizon mu (yankin shine ".com", ".org", ".net", da sauransu), sanya ido kan duk ayyukan da aka aiwatar. uwar garkenmu, inganta tsaro, gyara abun ciki, da sauransu. Dangane da OS ɗin da ke aiki akan sabar yanar gizonku, zaku sami kwamiti daban -daban na sarrafawa; amma a dunkule, wadannan ayyuka ne.

• • Aika fayiloli na tsaye

Wannan shine wurin da za a ajiye manyan fayiloli iri -iri waɗanda za su kasance gidan yanar gizon mu; wurin da zai adana, hidima da aika fayilolinmu na tsaye. Daga cikin waɗannan fayilolin, muna da abun cikin multimedia: mp3, mp4, jpg, png, gif, txt; da salon abun cikin gidan yanar gizon mu: css, javascript, html, da sauransu.

Ba lallai ne a faɗi hakan ba, idan a yanar gizo servidor ba shi da wannan halayyar mutum, ƙila ba za a sa masa suna ba, kuma ba a lissafa shi kamar haka. Lokacin loda shafi, ana yin buƙatun ta hanyar yarjejeniya ta Http kuma za a nuna duk abin da ke cikin “fayilolin a tsaye”, da ke cikin wani ɓangaren diski, za a nuna (aikawa), don abokin ciniki ya more su.

• • Dynamic abun ciki aikawa

A cikin wannan damar, muna da fayilolin masu ƙarfi, waɗanda ba kamar waɗanda ke tsaye ba; Ana sabunta waɗannan koyaushe kuma wannan zai dogara da yawa akan buƙatun da bukatun mai amfani. Misalin wannan shine siffofin.

Shafin da ke nuna irin wannan nau'in fayiloli shine dandamalin WordPress ɗaya; inda wannan nau'in abun ciki mai ƙarfi zai dogara ne akan mai amfani, tunda kowannensu zai yi shafin yanar gizo daban, dangane da wasu. Daga cikin fayiloli daban -daban waɗanda ake sabuntawa akai -akai, muna da: PHP, Python, Ruby, ASP da Go.

• • Kula da hanyar sadarwa

Wannan yanayin yana da alaƙa ta kusa da ta "Control Panel"; Amma a wannan yanayin, muna da takamaiman takamaiman aiki kuma shine, kamar yadda sunansa ya nuna, shine ke kula da duk zirga -zirgar da ke faruwa akan cibiyoyin sadarwa; Bugu da kari, don samun damar lura da albarkatun da ake amfani da su ta hanyar kayan aikin uwar garken, wato: amfani da ƙwaƙwalwar RAM, saurin hanyar sadarwa, amfani da ajiya, menene adadin CPU da ya mamaye.

Duk wannan saka idanu ana iya yin shi cikin natsuwa akan wani kwamiti mai kulawa, ko kuma a yi shi a sarari ta hanyar umarni.

• • Tsarin Tsaro

Wannan yana daya daga cikin halaye na sabar yanar gizo kuma daga cikin mahimman sassan, gwargwadon matakin software. Don sanya ku cikin matsanancin hali, idan gidan yanar gizonku ba shi da isasshen tsaro ko, in ba haka ba, babu nau'in tsaro; Yana yiwuwa wani mai amfani bisa kuskure ko wani ɗan gwanin kwamfuta, na iya shigar da sabar ku, yana bin IP kuma yana ganin duk bayanan da kuke da su akan PC ɗin ku; kasancewa haka, yana iya yin sata, gyara, yin hacking, amfani da mahimman bayanai masu dacewa akan ku.

Shi yasa shafin yanar gizo, uwar garken yanar gizo iri ɗaya; Dole ne ku sami ingantacciyar tsaro don gujewa ire -iren waɗannan matsalolin, kamar ƙuntata hanyar shiga ta adireshin IP, neman buƙatun kalmomin shiga da masu amfani daga abokan ciniki, sanya Tacewar zaɓi, samun damar musun ko ba da izinin wasu fayiloli ko kowane nau'in kayan zuwa sabar ku. Yawancin software na Http, waɗanda muka ambata muku a baya: Apache, Nginx da sauran su; Suna da wannan fasalin tsaro kuma ku guji fallasa kanku ga haɗari.

• Fasali-matakin fasali

Da zarar mun riga mun ambaci duk fasalulluka a matakin software, yanzu za mu ambaci waɗanda ke matakin hardware. Kyakkyawan sabar za ta yi aiki ma, kamar yadda aikin duk shirye -shiryenta yake kuma waɗannan biyun, za su dogara da ingancin kayan aikin; don haka idan ba ku da kyawawan halaye, sabar yanar gizonku za ta gaza, bari mu ga kowannensu dalla -dalla.

• • Rack

"Rack" shine wurin da duk sabar zata kasance; don sanya shi a hoto mai hoto, wani irin keji ne kuma a ciki, ana sanya sabobin da yawa waɗanda ba za su iya haɗa juna da juna ba. Bugu da ƙari, a cikin Rack, akwai kuma wasu na'urorin sadarwar da ake buƙata don aikin sabar gabaɗaya: magudanar ruwa, modem, canzawa, da sauransu; kalmar asalin turanci ce.

• • Majalisa

Wani daga cikin halaye na sabar yanar gizo; Gidan hukuma shine harsashi ko kwarangwal inda aka sanya kayan aikin komfutoci, ana kuma kiranta hasumiya. Don ba ku ra'ayi, yi tunanin CPU na kwamfutarka ba tare da motherboard ba, wutar lantarki, faifai, faifan karatu, ko wani abu makamancin haka; Wannan zai zama majalisar ministocin, girman zai dogara ne kan girman abubuwan da aka gyara, idan waɗannan sun isa, hasumiyar ma za ta kasance; Idan abubuwan da aka gyara ƙanana ne, majalisar ma za ta kasance.

• • CPU

Shi ne mafi mahimmancin sashi a cikin sabar yanar gizo gaba ɗaya, tunda shine wurin da za a ajiye sauran kayan aikin kuma ƙarshen zai yi aiki akan tushen farko; Baya ga abubuwan matakin software, za su aiwatar da dukkan ayyukan su a cikin CPU, lissafin lissafi da ma'ana wanda ya wajaba a gare mu, a matsayin mu na masu amfani, don samun damar yin amfani da bayanai.

A cikin CPU, shine mafi mahimmancin ɓangaren kwamfuta, mai sarrafa ta; A halin yanzu akwai manyan kamfanoni guda biyu, masu kirkiro na'urori masu sarrafawa, waɗanda da yawa ke amfani da su, ko kusan duk kayan aiki; waɗannan sune Intel da AMD, tsohon shine babban fifikon masu amfani. Kyakkyawan processor zai ba kwamfutarka damar yin aiki mai kyau sabili da haka, cewa zaku iya samun sabar mai kyau.

Idan kuna son ƙarin sani game da masu sarrafawa kuma ku koya game da mafi kyawun zaɓuɓɓuka masu ƙarfi na wannan shekara, muna gayyatar ku da ku bi hanyar haɗin da ke gaba kuma ku karanta labarin da muke da shi: Ƙarin masu sarrafawa masu ƙarfi.

• • Memorywaƙwalwar RAM

RAM wani zaɓi ne halaye na sabar yanar gizo mafi mahimmanci da mahimmanci a cikin kayan mashin; za ta ba pc ɗin zaɓi, na yadda sauri za ta iya amsawa yayin aiwatar da dukkan tsarin software; A saboda wannan dalili, idan kuna son CPU mai sauri, saka hannun jari a cikin kyakkyawan ƙwaƙwalwar RAM.

Yana da mahimmanci cewa idan kuna son sabar ku ta tashi tsaye ta yi aiki daidai, kuna da manyan abubuwan tunawa; tunda ba kawai zai karɓi bayani daga gare ku ba, har ma daga ɗarurruwan da wataƙila har miliyoyin mutane waɗanda za su ziyarci gidan yanar gizon ku. Tare da ƙwaƙwalwar RAM na 64Gb, 128Gb kuma har zuwa 256Gb, shine abin da CPU ke buƙatar yin aiki azaman sabar yanar gizo; wani abu mai nisa daga kwamfuta don amfani kawai a gida, wanda ke buƙatar aƙalla 4Gb na RAM, don gudana ba tare da matsaloli ba.

• • Bangon uwa

Katin kewaye ne, wanda zai kasance mai kula da aikawa da karɓar bayanan, haɗa dukkan na'urorin da ke haɗa CPU; Hakanan an san shi azaman motherboard. Anan ne inda processor, RAM, GPU (katin zane), diski mai wuya da duk sauran abubuwan da ake buƙata za a haɗa su kai tsaye.

• • Masu karanta Disc

Kodayake kaɗan kaɗan, amfani da fayafai ya zama ƙasa da na kowa (tunda an maye gurbinsu da ƙwaƙwalwar SD ko na'urorin USB); CPUs har yanzu suna zuwa tare da wannan gefe, wanda ke ba mu damar kunna faifan CD, DVD da / ko Bluray.

Sabis na zamani, tare da mai karatu, tunda ana iya yin komai na dijital, ta amfani da hotunan ISO; don haka wannan bangaren zai zama "wanda baya tsufa".

• • Rukunin ajiya

Wannan zai zama wurin da za a adana duk bayanai da fayilolin da aka loda ta masu amfani da suka ziyarci gidan yanar gizon mu; Bugu da ƙari, duk halaye na sabar yanar gizo a matakin manhaja, wato: OS, shirye -shirye, da sauransu.

A halin yanzu, duka kwamfutocin da ake amfani da su a gida, da waɗanda ake amfani da su don sabobin; Suna amfani da ajiyar SSD, waɗannan, sabanin HDDs (waɗanda sune waɗanda suka yi amfani da su a da), suna da babban gudu idan aka zo adanawa, karantawa da bincika bayanan da / ko fayilolin da aka yi rikodin akan rumbun kwamfutarka. Don haka, lokacin amfani da sabobin buƙata, faifai na SSD zai zama mafi kyawun zaɓi.

• • Port Port

A ƙarshe, ɓangaren zahiri wanda zai ba da damar bayanin ya yi tafiya, wanda zai ba mu damar karɓa da aika bayanan zuwa da kuma daga gidan yanar gizon mu, shine tashar tashar sadarwa. Saurinsa zai dogara ne akan bandwidth wanda dole ne mu iya yin canjin; A yau muna da gudu kamar: 10Mbps, 100Mbps, 1Gbps, 10Gbps, 100Gbps kuma har zuwa 100Gbps.

ƘARUWA

Yana da matukar mahimmanci cewa idan kuna tunanin ƙirƙirar sabar, kuna da kowane mahimman abubuwan da muka bayyana anan, don ingantaccen aikin sa.

Duk suna da mahimmanci kuma suna da mahimmanci don sabar don zama irin wannan. Don samun damar bayar da sabar mai inganci; Na farko, kayan aikin ku dole ne su ƙunshi manyan kayan aiki da na biyu, software mai inganci.

Na gaba, za mu bar muku bidiyo mai ba da labari, domin ku ƙara sani game da sabobin da halayensu.