da iri sabobin ba da damar samun nau'ikan watsawa zuwa wasu kwamfutoci, waɗanda dole ne a haɗa su da juna, ƙarin koyo game da wannan batun mai ban sha'awa ta hanyar karanta labarin da ke gaba.
Nau'in sabobin
Gudanar da bayanai yana buƙatar tsakiya wanda zai iya samar da saurin gudu da bayanai. Sabis ɗin suna da alhakin watsa wannan bayanan da aka ɓoye wanda nan da nan ya isa ga kwamfutoci da mutane daban -daban don a sarrafa su.
Waɗannan bayanai ko bayanai sun ƙunshi nau'o'i daban -daban kamar hotuna, bayanan bayanai, bidiyo, hotuna, da sauransu. Suna taimakawa sauƙaƙe aikin da aka yi akan kwamfutoci. A cikin wannan labarin za mu ga nau'ikan sabobin da mahimmancin su a cikin duniyar dubawa da sarrafa kwamfuta. Amma don fahimtar wannan batun yana da mahimmanci a san ainihin abin da sabar take.
Sabar
Lokacin da muke magana game da sabar, to muna cewa dandamali ne wanda ke ba da damar watsa bayanai daban -daban zuwa wasu kwamfutocin da aka haɗa a cikin hanyar sadarwa. Ana amfani da kalmar don manufar gudanar da umarni dangane da bayanan da masu amfani ke buƙata.
Nau'in sabobin sun ƙunshi babban ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya kuma suna da ikon sarrafa bayanai da bayanai, suna aika su zuwa kwamfutoci daban -daban yayin da suke gudana. Yawancin cibiyoyin gwamnati suna da sabobin daban -daban waɗanda ke taimakawa daidaita aiki da watsa bayanai.
Sabis sannan ya zama wani ɓangare na babbar hanyar sadarwa wacce ke ɗauke da kwamfutoci waɗanda ke ba da damar amsa bukatun masu amfani. Akwai nau'ikan sabobin daban waɗanda ke taimakawa canja wurin bayanai a cikin gida ko ta Intanet: Haɗin da ke tsakanin sabar da kwamfutocin ana yin su kai tsaye, wato dole ne a koyaushe a kunna su don sarrafa bayanan.
Masu ba da hidima suna taimakawa sosai ga kamfanoni daban -daban, kasuwanci, da gwamnatoci. Suna ba su damar adana bayanai masu alaƙa da ayyukansu akan yanar gizo, kazalika da kula da babban adadi mai yawa dangane da karɓa da rarrabasu nau'ikan bayanai da ake buƙata.
Sabbin bidiyo da sauti
Waɗannan nau'ikan sabobin yawo suna ba ku damar aikawa, kulawa da adana nau'ikan bidiyo da sauti iri -iri a kan dandamali da ake kira yawo. Wanne ke aiki bisa raye -raye da ci gaba da watsa shirye -shiryen bidiyo da sauti da aka samu akan yanar gizo ba tare da zazzage su ba. Don haka ba zai ɗauki sarari mai yawa akan kwamfutarmu ba.
Wannan nau'in sabar yana da alhakin kafa abubuwan tunawa daban -daban na ɗan lokaci don aiwatarwa da watsa bidiyon lokacin da mai amfani ya buƙace shi. Sabobin sabo ne masu ƙarfi tunda don wasu watsa shirye -shirye; yana buƙatar adadin kuzari da ƙarfi wanda wasu sabobin kawai ke mallaka.
Sabis don dandalin yanar gizo
Ana la'akari da mafi yawan amfani ko'ina, abin da ake kira sabobin yanar gizo sune waɗanda ke adana shafukan yanar gizo ɗaya ko fiye na ɗan lokaci. Suna iya zama don keɓantacce ko amfani ɗaya gwargwadon ayyukan mai amfani. Kamfanoni da yawa suna ba da irin wannan sabis ɗin don sauƙaƙe nauyin da ke kan kwamfutoci.
Hakanan ana kiranta HTTP, suma sun ƙunshi wasu shirye -shiryen kwamfuta waɗanda ke aiwatar da aikace -aikace ta hanyar haɗin gwiwa. Ana aiki da waɗannan tare da abokin ciniki kuma suna haifar da amsa a cikin kowane harshe, wanda mai amfani ya riga ya gyara. Suna adana shafukan yanar gizo daban -daban don taimakawa inganta hanyoyin da ke sauƙaƙe yawan aikin kamfanin ko kamfani.
Sabar FTP
A cikin Ingilishi yana nufin "Protocol Transfer Protocol", wanda a cikin Mutanen Espanya shine "Protocol Transfer Protocol". Ya ƙunshi sabis da ake amfani da shi don aikawa da samun fayiloli tsakanin kwamfutoci biyu masu nisa. A wannan yanayin yana nufin canja wurin da aka yi tsakanin abokin ciniki wanda ke da kwamfutar gida da mai ba da sabis wanda a wannan yanayin ya zama sabar FTP.
Nau'in sabobin FTP suna amfani da canja wuri iri -iri, kiran ASCII da kiran binary, wanda aka adana bayanai daban -daban. A farkon, ana amfani da holsters don canja wurin rubutu mara kyau ba tare da tsari ba kuma ba tare da hotuna ba, yayin da na biyu ana amfani dashi don canja wurin fayiloli, hotuna da bidiyo, da sauransu.
Waɗanda ake kira FTP abokan ciniki software ne da aka girka a kan kwamfutocin masu amfani, suna ƙirƙirar yarjejeniya ta FTP wacce aka tura zuwa sabar, ta ba da damar buƙatar sabis daga mai ba da sabis na intanet. Ana kiranta abokin ciniki tunda mai amfani shine mai karɓar mahimman bayanai da bayanai.
Ana kiyaye nau'ikan sabobin FTP godiya ga software da aka shigar don samun damar haɗi zuwa intanet. Yana ratsa sabobin da aka haɗa ko ya tafi zuwa LAN na gida. Bada abokan ciniki daban -daban na FTP don haɗawa zuwa sabar. Don wannan, ana buƙatar adireshin TCP ko IP don kafa hanya da adireshin da za a iya canja wurin bayanai.
Uwar garken imel
Waɗannan nau'ikan sabobin suna da alhakin aikawa da karɓar saƙonnin imel. Yana kiyaye wasu runduna masu buɗewa waɗanda ke ba da damar sarrafawa ta hanyar kwararar ruwa. Sarrafa liyafar da aika bayanai masu alaƙa da abokin ciniki. Akwai sabobin da yawa akan Intanet waɗanda ke ba da sabis na aikawa da karɓar imel.
Ga waɗannan nau'ikan sabobin, mahimmancin yana cikin amfani da ƙa'idodin TCP da IP, waɗanda ke taimaka muku warware sadarwa tare da wasu mutane a sassa daban -daban na duniya a cikin dakika. Sabis ɗin kyauta ne kuma wani lokacin ana haɗa shi da wasu fakitin software. Wanda aka fi sani shine Gmail., Hotmail, Yahoo! a tsakanin wasu da yawa.
Ana aiwatar da tsarin aikawa da karɓar saƙonni ta hanyar shirye -shiryen da ake kira MTA »Wakilin sufuri na Mail, a cikin Mutanen Espanya," Wakili don canja wurin imel ". Wanda software ce mai sauƙi da ke ɗauke da mai masauƙi (Kayan Kayan Kwamfuta), wanda ke aiwatar da aika saƙon ta hanyar adiresoshin imel. Wannan shirin yana da alhakin isar da saƙo zuwa adireshin da aka nuna. Ba ya yin tasiri a cikin abin da ke cikin saƙo kuma ba ya canza shi.
Hakanan akwai wasu sabobin imel na gida kamar Microsoft Outlook Mozilla Thunderbird, Incredimail, da sauransu. An haɗa su a cikin fakitin software kuma suna bawa mai amfani abokin ciniki hanya mafi sauƙi don aikawa da karɓar imel. Don amfani da shi ya zama dole kunna sunan mai amfani da kalmar wucewa tare da ƙirƙirar asusun imel don samun damar cin moriyar sa.
Sabis na wakili
Yana da nau'in cibiyar sadarwar kwamfuta wanda, ta hanyar shirin, yana aiki azaman gada tsakanin abokin ciniki da sabar. Ayyukan dillalinsa yana ba shi damar aiwatar da buƙatun albarkatun da abokin ciniki ke buƙata daga sabar. Suna daga cikin hanyoyin haɗin yanar gizo da kowace kwamfuta ke da ita don samun damar shiga intanet.
Duk kwamfutocin da aka haɗa zuwa cibiyar sadarwar dole ne su sami adireshin wakili azaman sharaɗi, ana amfani da wannan don saita tashar mai bincike kuma don haka samun damar Intanet. Lokacin da tsarin wakili bai sabunta ba, ana hana haɗin intanet kuma ba a aiwatar da shi.
Sabis na wakili yana sarrafa damar shiga ta hanyar adiresoshin IP. Suna kuma kula da tace abun ciki wanda sabar wakili ke ɗauka ba dole ba ga mai amfani. A wasu lokuta ana katange wasu shafuka. don wakili ya hana bisa wasu sharuɗɗan cewa za a iya buɗe wasu shafuka akan kwamfutar, sannan ya ci gaba da toshe hanyar shiga.
Don buše shiga, kuna buƙatar shiga cikin jerin saitunan kuma amsa wasu tambayoyin tsaro masu alaƙa da imel. Sauran yanayin da uwar garken wakili ke kulawa shine kulawar cache. Wannan nau'in aikin yana ba ku damar adana fayilolin wucin gadi akan kwamfutarka don bincika abubuwan da ba dole ba a wasu lokuta.
Waɗannan fayilolin suna da sauƙi amma idan muka yi la'akari da cewa kowane shafin yanar gizo ko adireshin lantarki yana da dubban caches, suna tarawa ta yadda wani lokaci sukan jinkirta aikin kowane kayan aiki.
Uwar garken DNS
Sunansa a cikin Ingilishi shine Tsarin Sunan Yanki, a cikin Mutanen Espanya yana nufin Tsarin Sunan Yanki. Waɗannan nau'ikan sabobin sun ƙunshi software wanda ke aiwatar da sabis na cibiyar sadarwa don ba da amsoshin tambayoyi game da takamaiman shugabanci. A takaice dai, hanya ce da intanet ke tunawa da sunayen yanki a matsayin amintattun adiresoshi.
Yana da wani nau'in coding inda maimakon sanya lambobi yana ci gaba da canza su da sunaye da haruffa. Sanya adireshi inda mai amfani zai iya tunawa da su. Lokacin da aka haɗa kwamfuta da Intanet, an kafa adireshin IP, wannan yana bawa mai amfani damar tuntuɓar cibiyar sadarwa.
Matsalar ta taso lokacin da wani ya tuna wannan adireshin ta hanyar tunanin lambobin IP. Aikin uwar garken DNS shine canza wannan jerin lambobi zuwa sunan da za a iya fahimta, ko dai don neman sabis, kamfani ko kowane adireshin da aka samu akan hanyar sadarwa. Ka'idodin DNS sune ƙa'idodin ƙa'idodin da za a yi la’akari da la'akari da nassi daga lambobi zuwa haruffa, kuma wani lokacin ana iya canza su.
Dan Adam yana da sauƙin riƙe suna fiye da layin lambobi da dige, don haka aikace -aikacen sa. Koyaya, sabar tana aiki cikin hanya mafi sauƙi lokacin da ta karɓi bayanin tare da adireshin IP a lambobi, saboda haka mahimmancin ta ga wurin adireshin daban -daban.
Sabar girgije
Wani nau'in sabar uwar garke ce wacce ke kan ɗaya daga cikin sabobin jiki, misali Google, Yahoo! Mozilla da dai sauransu. Yana ba da sabis na ayyuka iri ɗaya ga sabobin jiki amma aikace -aikace ne waɗanda ke iya kawo wani nau'in riba. Ana kuma kiran su sabobin kama -da -wane kuma suna aiki azaman madadin adana bayanai akan kwamfutoci.
Fa'idar ita ce sun zo a haɗe zuwa takamaiman software, inda abokin ciniki ke biyan kuɗin wata -wata don amfani da kiyayewa, yana ba da damar ajiya mara iyaka. Suna da sauƙin sauƙaƙe kuma suna da sassauƙa, suna ba da damar kuma ba da zaɓuɓɓuka ga abokan cinikin da ke amfani da su, saitin kuma yana da sauƙi sosai.
Ƙungiyoyi da yawa suna amfani da irin wannan sabar don kare bayanai. Suna zaɓar irin wannan ƙirar kamar yadda suke ɗauka amintacciya ce. An halin su da samun babban ƙarfin aiki, sabis ne abin dogaro kuma zaku iya zaɓar sabobin girgije gwargwadon yanayin kamfanin ko mutum
Sabis sadaukarwa
Ana kiran ta ta wannan hanyar zuwa nau'ikan sabobin da aka yi haya ko aka saya ta shafukan yanar gizo daban -daban. Suna ba da takamaiman bayanai da ayyukan sarrafawa. A mafi yawan lokuta, don manufar karɓar gidajen yanar gizo da sabis na cibiyar sadarwa. Ana amfani da su ta manyan kamfanoni da kamfanonin ƙetare waɗanda ke neman rage farashin aiki.
Waɗannan sabobin suna da alaƙa da samar da sabis ga masu amfani ko abokan ciniki. A yau sune mafi kyawun zaɓi na kasuwanci, keɓancewar abin da ake kira karɓar bakuncin shine kawai ga abokin ciniki wanda ke ɗaukar sabis ɗin. Kamfanin yana ba da sabis kuma yana kula da software.
Fa'idar wannan nau'in Sabis ɗin da aka sadaukar shine cewa suna da ayyuka da yawa waɗanda ke ba kamfanin damar aiki da babban aiki. Yanayin da ƙayyadaddun bayanai sun dace da halayen ɗan kwangila. Tsarin bandwidth ba shi da iyaka, don haka suna da kyakkyawar aboki ga manyan masu saka jari.
Raba sabar
Sabbin sabobin kuma suna amfani da iyakance albarkatun, wato, za su iya saita nau'in bayanai da bayanai gwargwadon yanayin abokin ciniki. Koyaya, ana amfani da amfanin sa kuma yana da wasu iyakoki. Wannan haɗin gwiwar na iya raba albarkatu akan duk rukunin yanar gizon da aka shirya akan sa, kamar CPU, adireshin IP, bandwidth da sauransu.
Wasu sun fi son ci gaba da kasancewa cikin keɓantaccen yanayin, don su iya amfani da wani ɓangare na rumbun kwamfutarka. Ga wasu masu amfani akwai ƙuntatawa akan amfani, tunda ana yin gyare -gyare bisa ga bukatun aiki.
Waɗannan sabobin suna dogaro da software da aka shigar kuma suna dogaro da yadda ake gudanar da matakai da nau'in fasahar da ake son amfani da ita. Misali, yaren shirye -shirye ko tsarin bayanai.
Buga sabar
Ya ƙunshi software da ke sarrafa babban sabis na ɗab'i, inda direbobi ke mai da hankali don sarrafa kayan ɗab'i iri-iri. Waɗannan an haɗa su zuwa kwamfutoci ta hanyar hanyoyin sadarwar da ke ba wa kowane mai amfani damar shiga.
Ana amfani da su sosai a kamfanonin sabis na kan layi kuma wasu suna buƙatar aikin hoto na dindindin. A wasu ofisoshin suna taimakawa inganta zirga -zirgar ababen hawa wanda zai iya haifar da buga takardu daban -daban ta ci gaba da doguwar hanya.
Sabar cibiyar bayanai
A cikin kamfanonin da ke sarrafa isassun ma'aikata ko aiki tare da mutane daban -daban, suna da taimako sosai. Ana canja bayanan zuwa wasu shirye -shiryen da ke cikin cibiyar bayanai ta tsakiya, ana sarrafa wannan kuma ana aikawa da bayanan da ake buƙata. Suna da matukar taimako ga hukumomin jihohi don samun damar samun bayanai daban -daban daga 'yan ƙasa.
Bayanin cewa wannan nau'in tsarin sabar yana shirye don tsarawa, sarrafawa da tsarawa, don su iya ba da amsoshi kai tsaye ga masu amfani. Ana gabatar da bayanin ta teburi, fihirisa ko rikodin. Kamfanoni da ƙungiyoyin da suka fi dacewa suna amfani da irin wannan sabar kamar bankuna, asibitoci, kamfanonin abokan ciniki da ƙungiyoyin gwamnati.
Sabar fayil
Sabar fayil wani nau'in ajiya ne wanda ke ba masu amfani damar adanawa da rarraba fayilolin nau'in kwamfuta daban-daban. Daga cikin abokan cinikin da ke cikin cibiyar sadarwar kwamfuta na yanki ɗaya. Samun dama na iya zama nesa
Ana iya raba bayanin kan wannan nau'in sabar ta hanyar hanyar sadarwa ta ciki. Babu buƙatar aika fayiloli cikin sauƙi ta na'urorin ajiya na waje kamar pendrive ko ƙwaƙwalwar sd. Duk kayan aikin kwamfuta da ke kan hanyar sadarwa na iya haɗa kai tsaye zuwa uwar garken fayil don samun bayanai kuma bi da bi aika ko karɓa.
Hakanan, kowane kayan aiki ko kwamfuta na iya zama sabar fayil, kuma kowane mai amfani zai iya aiwatar da aiwatar da shi. A matakin Intanet, ana amfani da abin da ake kira yarjejeniyar canja wurin fayil na FTP da muka lura a cikin wannan labarin.
Rukunin uwar garke
Irin wannan tsari a zahiri yana haɗar da jerin sabobin da ke gudanar da ayyuka iri ɗaya. Ana amfani da su don sauƙaƙe nauyi akan sabar lokacin da ƙarfin ta ya kai iyaka. Kamfanoni masu yawan bayanai masu rikitarwa da zirga -zirgar bayanai suna amfani da wannan gungu don daidaita ayyukan da sauƙaƙe babban tsarin sabar.
Tsarin mulki da fifikon kowa shine cewa duk an sadaukar da su ga aiki ɗaya kuma galibi ana amfani da wannan ƙungiyar yayin da sabar guda ɗaya ba ta amsa adadin buƙatun da abokan ciniki suka yi ba. Ƙarfafawar aiki yana ba su damar yin aiki ɗaya. Tare da irin wannan tsarin, inganci da ingancin kamfanoni da yawa suna inganta.
Sakamakon ci gaban Cluster na Sabis yana ba da damar kafa babban samuwa da aiki da daidaitaccen nauyin da ke taimakawa inganta zirga -zirgar cibiyar sadarwa. Suna da mahimmanci cewa Google da Microsoft suna amfani da dubban sabobin da aka haɗa a cikin gungu don samar da ingantaccen sabis ga abokan cinikin su.
Ana iya rarrabuwa gungu ta hanyoyi da yawa. Abin da ake kira babban aikin da ake kira a taƙaice shi cikin Turanci a matsayin HC ko Babban Ayyuka, ba da damar aiwatar da ayyuka inda ake buƙatar adadi mai yawa. Don haka yana da mahimmanci a sami babban RAM.
Babban gungu na samuwa da ake kira HA ko High Availability. Suna neman samun dama kuma suna da amintaccen samuwa na ayyukan da suke bayarwa. Hanyoyin da za a ba da damar aiwatar da aikin ku ta hanyar kwafin kayan aikin don kawar da gazawa a lokacin aiwatarwa.
Har ila yau, akwai abin da ake kira babban mitar cluster ko HT ko High Throughput). Tare da irin wannan sabar, manufar ita ce haɓaka ɗimbin ayyukan ɗaiɗaikun mutane a cikin mafi guntu lokaci mai yiwuwa. Ƙungiyoyin samar da ababen more rayuwa suna haɗa babban samuwa tare da ingantaccen aiki.
Kuma rukunin gungu na kasuwanci da kimiyya waɗanda ake ɗauka babban aiki ne. Tare da waɗannan gungu, kamfanoni suna neman gudanar da rikitarwa da manyan hanyoyin zirga-zirga waɗanda ke taimakawa haɓaka aikin su. Koyaya, kowane gungu na sabar yana dacewa da halayen kamfani. Don haka suna dacewa da bukatun abokan ciniki.
Idan kuna son ƙarin sani game da wannan da sauran batutuwa, muna gayyatar ku don ziyartar shafin mu ta danna hanyoyin haɗin yanar gizo masu zuwa:
Tarihin harsunan shirye -shirye