da macrocomputers Waɗannan kwamfutoci waɗanda ke da raka'a faifai da yawa waɗanda ke ba shi damar sarrafa bayanai da bayanai da yawa ana kiran su, gano yadda suke aiki ta hanyar karanta wannan labarin.
Menene Macrocomputers?
Don sanin menene macrocomputer Ya kamata ku sani cewa tsarin da ake haɗawa da rumbun kwamfutoci ana kiransa haka, saboda ƙarfin su suna ba da damar sarrafa manyan bayanai da bayanai cikin kankanin lokaci. CPU na waɗannan kwamfutoci shine tushe da cibiyar tsarin sakandare wanda ya dogara sosai akan aikinsa.
Ayyukan macrocomputers suna ba da damar, tsakanin sauran abubuwa, don aiwatar da sadarwa tsakanin dubban masu amfani a lokaci guda. Wannan godiya ne ga fasahar da ake kira tsarin lokaci. Yana da wani nau'i na aiki wanda mai sarrafawa ke kafa wasu lokutan matattu. Waɗannan an sanya su ga kowane mai amfani don gudanar da ayyukansu.
Saboda gajeriyar sarari tsakanin katsewa tsakanin mai amfani da wani, to babu wani nau'in jinkiri da ake yabawa. Ƙarfi da saurin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya yana ba da damar yin wannan lokacin kusan ba a iya gani. Kuna iya faɗaɗa wannan bayanin ta danna kan mahaɗin da ke gaba ROM ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya
Waɗannan manyan ƙungiyoyin suna da wani irin matsayi inda manyan kwamfyutoci ke matsayi sama da macrocomputers. Waɗannan su ne mafi girma a duniya kuma suna da tsada sosai don ƙera su. Ana iya cewa a duniya ba su kai 50 ba.
Asali da tarihi
An gabatar da na’urorin kwamfuta na farko ga duniya a cikin shekarun 40. Wanda aka fara halitta shine ake kira ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer), a cikin Spanish Computer da Electronic Numerical Integrator. Ya kasance samfurin manufa gaba ɗaya.
Ƙungiyoyin farko
Wata ƙungiya ce mai saukin kamuwa da zama shirin kuma tana iya warware ɗimbin matsalolin adadi. Ƙirƙirarsa an yi shi ne da nufin ƙididdige harbin manyan bindigogi a cikin tebura kuma an sanya shi zuwa Dakin Bincike na Ballistics na Sojojin Amurka.
Wadanda suka gina shi sune injiniyoyi John Presper Eckert da John William Mauchly. Koyaya, shirye -shiryen yana kula da mata shida masu suna Betty Snyder Holberton, Jean Jennings Bartik, Kathleen McNulty Mauchly Antonelli, Marlyn Wescoff Meltzer, Ruth Lichterman Teitelbaum da Frances Bilas Spence.
50 na
A shekara ta 1951 an gabatar da Macrocomputer mai suna UNIVAC I, wanda kuma ya ƙirƙira ta hanyar da ENIAC ya ƙirƙira. Amma don dalilan kasuwanci zalla, kamfanin Remington Rand ne ke gudanar da kasuwancin.
Shi ne magaji ga ƙaramin kwamfuta na farko da ake kira UNIVAC. Ayyukan ta sun yi kaɗan kaɗan kuma daga baya an mika ta ga Jami'ar Harvard. Waɗannan samfuran ci gaba ne na nau'in nau'in kasuwanci na farko da ba na soja ba wanda ake kira Z3 wanda aka kirkira a 1941. Wannan kayan aikin ba ya cikin rukunin macrocomputers.
Ana buƙatar ɗaukar kayan aiki da yawa zuwa wuraren da babu ƙarancin wutar lantarki. Don samun masaniyar girman wannan kayan aikin zamu iya cewa shigarta tana buƙatar kusan sarari ɗaya. Inda zai iya kasancewa tsakanin murabba'in murabba'in 1000 zuwa 300.
60s da 70s
Wannan lokacin ya nuna alamar komputa ta kamfanin IBM, kuma ya wakilci lokacin canje -canje a cikin lissafi. Ya yi aiki don ganin haihuwar Microsoft da tsarin aikin ta na MS DOS. Ya kuma ba mu damar ganin bayyanar kwamfutar IBM ta farko.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2JQ1KJgTVHI
Hakanan, yana yiwuwa a yi haɗin farko tsakanin sabobin, fara matakan farko don ƙirƙirar intanet. A takaice, lokacin da aka yiwa alama ko da canje -canjen zamantakewa kuma daga baya zai ƙayyade makomar ɗan adam.
Kamfanin IBM ya mamaye kasuwar sabbin kwamfutocin da aka kirkira, kuma tabbas yana shirin gabatar da samfuran macrocomputer. A saboda wannan dalili, an ƙaddamar da jerin kayan aikin macro 700/7000 a kasuwa.
Bayan 'yan shekaru bayan haka zai ƙaddamar da jerin 360, wanda ya yi aiki don tantance ƙaddamarwa da haɓaka kwamfutocin tebur. Jerin 360 an yi shi da farko a matsayin Macrocomputer. A ƙarshen shekarun 60 CDC (Kamfanin Bayanai na Kulawa) ya mamaye kasuwa don manyan kayan aikin kwamfuta.
Koyaya, hutu daga masu kamfanin ya ba da damar ɗayan abokan haɗin gwiwa ya rabu kuma yana iya haɓakawa a cikin 1969 kamfanin da ake kira Cray Research. Wannan kamfani ya gudanar da aikin don gabatar da ƙirar macrocomputer iri -iri a shekarun 70 da farkon 80.
Amfani da transistors da daga baya haɗaɗɗun da'irori sun taimaka wajen haɓaka kayan aiki mafi girma. A gefe guda, a ƙarshen shekarun 80, masana'antun daban -daban kamar IBM, Burroughs, UNIVAC, NCR, Data Control, Honeywell, General Electric da RCA sun fito.
Suna da kasuwar samar da macrocomputer wanda ya yi gasa tare da sauran samfuran Turai da Asiya kamar Siemens, Telefunken, Olivetti, Fujitsu, Hitachi da NEC. A cikin shekarun da suka gabata kamfanoni sun haɗu da ƙirƙirar kamfanoni a haɗe tare da wasu yankuna.
80s da 90s
Yayin da shekaru suka shude, ci gaba da juyin halitta na sarrafa kwamfuta yana yin tsalle -tsalle a cikin ci gaban fasaha. Hakazalika, macrocomputers sun kasance suna mamaye muhimman wurare a duniyar kwamfuta.
Kayan aikin sun kasance daga masu sarrafa nau'in vector zuwa masu sarrafa nau'in nau'in. Waɗannan sun haɗa da dubban CPUs waɗanda aka tsara kuma aka tsara su don gudanar da ayyuka daban -daban lokaci guda. Lokaci ne lokacin da masana'antun suka haɓaka PowerPC, Opteron ko Xeon.
Sannan kuma a ƙarshen shekarun 90s, manyan na'urori masu sarrafawa sun bayyana dangane da fasahar nau'in gungu. Waɗannan kwamfutoci suna haɗa CPU ɗin gama gari tare da haɗi na musamman. Don haka, gwamnatoci sun yi amfani da ƙungiyoyin sojoji da wasu manyan kamfanoni na duniya.
A ƙarshen 90s, wasu kamfanoni sun dogara da farko akan macrocomputers. An umarci sabis ɗin don aiwatar da ayyuka na nau'in tsakiya; a hade tare da hanyoyin sadarwar intanet. A takaice dai, bayanai da sarrafa bayanai suna gudana cikin sauri.
Shekarar 2000 zuwa gaba
Wannan zamanin yana ba da damar haɓaka kayan aikin da za su iya sarrafa fakiti na bayanai a ƙungiyoyi; A takaice dai, ana iya aiwatar da matakai masu rikitarwa kuma madaidaiciya a lokaci guda a cikin adadin da lokaci. Wannan fasaha ta ba da dama ga abin da ake kira kasuwancin lantarki da banki.
Ƙungiyoyin ne suka aiwatar da matakan inda Jafananci ke kan gaba wajen haɓaka manyan kwamfutoci. Daga cikin samfuran da aka nuna akwai wanda ake nema sosai bayan MDGrape-3. An sayar da wannan kayan aikin ga masu zaman kansu kawai kuma ba shi da alamar kasuwanci.
A cikin 2009, an ƙaddamar da kayan aiki kamar Runner Road, tare da ikon sarrafa petaflops 3 na IBM a kasuwa kuma yana ɗaukar MDGrape-1 na Jafananci, a China "Milky Way One" tare da damar 1,2 petaflops ya kasance bunƙasa.
Daga nan aka fara yaƙin macrocomputers wanda daga baya ya jagoranci ƙasashe masu tasowa don gina manyan kwamfutoci, zaku iya ƙarin koyo game da waɗannan kwamfutocin ta danna labarin na gaba Nau'in kwamfuta.
Sannan Amurka ta haɓaka Cray Research da Jaguar, duka 1,7 petaflops. Zuwa ƙarshen 2009 ana ɗaukarsa mafi girma Macrocomputer a duniya. A matsayin abin nuni, zamu iya nuna cewa petaflops shine ninki biyar na aunawa wanda a cikin lissafi aka ƙaddara don ƙididdige "ayyukan yin iyo a kowane daƙiƙa" (Ayyuka na Maɓalli na Biyu).
Waɗannan ma'aunai suna tantance saurin da Macrocomputer ko supercomputer zai iya aiwatar da ayyuka a cikin wani lokaci. A halin yanzu, kamfanin IBM yana haɓaka kayan aikin komfuta tare da kamfanin Unisys.
Samfuran z10, wanda zai gaje su zuwa z9, daga IBM sun haifar da abin da ake kira babbar manhajar kwamfuta, wacce ita ce ke kayyade duk na’urorin komfuta a yau.
Macrocomputers babban fasali
Waɗannan manyan kwamfutoci wani nau'in babban kwamfuta ne na al'ada. Yana da ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun bayanai waɗanda ke yin ayyukansa; jerin ayyukan da za a iya aiwatar da su cikin dakika. Lokacin da ƙungiyar al'ada zata ɗauki mintuna kaɗan har ma da awanni.
Babban damar
Yana da ikon sarrafa bayanai cikin sauri da daidai. Suna sarrafa matakai tare da saurin gudu da inganci. Daga cikinsu za mu iya suna sunan adana bayanai da gudanar da manyan ayyuka. Menene uwar garken gama gari zai ɗauki amfani da kashe ɗimbin albarkatu.
Ana ƙaddara hanyoyin bisa ga bukatun masu amfani. Ana ganin waɗannan ana sarrafa su a babban sikeli. Don haka ƙarar bayanan yana ɗaukar nauyin ƙaramin sabobin. Hanyoyin da ake sarrafawa sun bambanta gwargwadon bukatar masu amfani.
Hakanan, suna ba da damar aiwatar da ayyuka tare da aikace -aikace daban -daban, injinan kama -da -wane a lokaci guda. Muna iya cewa to ikon sa na gudanar da ayyuka lokaci guda; yana daga cikin muhimman halayensa.
Girma da girma
Kodayake suna sarrafa bayanai da bayanai masu yawa, waɗannan kwamfutocin suna buƙatar babban ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya. Koyaya, a zamanin yau ana fuskantar su ta jiki ta amfani da manyan sarari. Idan aka kwatanta da kayan aiki daga shekaru 50 da suka gabata, inda dole ne su kasance a cikin sararin da har ma ya wuce kadada ɗaya.
Wadannan macrocomputers a yau ana iya girka su a sararin da ba su wuce 75 M2 ba. Wannan ya kasance godiya ga miniaturization na kwamfuta da'irori da tsari. A yau akwai macrocomputers masu girman firiji mai kafa 16.
Masana'antu
Ba kamar kwamfutocin tebur ba, kwamfutar tafi -da -gidanka, kwamfutar hannu, wayoyin hannu, da sauran kayan aikin fasaha. duniyar masana'antun macrocomputer an ƙaddara ta; ba fiye da kamfanoni 10 a duk duniya.
Manyan masana'antun kamar IBM sun keɓe musamman don kera macrocomputers da supercomputers. Hakanan kamfanoni kamar Hewlett-Packard, Unisys, Fujitsu, Hitachi da NEC; cewa wasu shekaru da suka gabata sun zo kera kwamfutocin tebur.
Jarin da waɗannan kamfanoni ke samarwa don kera kwamfutoci masu yawa suna da yawa, saboda haka dalilin keɓewa musamman na haɓaka kayan aiki daban -daban da madaidaiciya a cikin iyawa.
Ire -iren tashoshi
Macrocomputers sun ƙunshi abubuwa daban -daban daga kayan aikin kwamfuta na kowa. Abin da ya sa ake yin haɗin haɗin ta tashoshi na musamman waɗanda dole ne suna da takamaiman halaye. Doreability, yi da inganci.
Wuraren aiki suna kama da na kwamfuta ɗaya. Koyaya, ba shi da CPU ɗin kansa; Sun dogara ne akan tashar tashar tsakiya wanda shima microcomputer ne wanda a biyun yana aiki azaman hanyar samun dama ga masu amfani.
Software
Macrocomputers suna da tsarin aiki waɗanda suka bambanta dangane da nau'in saitin da mai ƙera ya yi. Waɗannan tsarin aiki suna cikin abin da ake kira babban tsarin aiki wanda a halin yanzu kamfanoni kamar Unix da Linux ke haɓakawa. Sabbin sigogin tsoffin IBM zOs.
Tsarin aiki yana kula da keɓancewar damar inda ake la'akari da buƙatar mai amfani. Tsarin ba ya bambanta da yawa dangane da ƙaramin ƙungiyoyi amma yana ba da damar haɓaka matakai masu sauri da inganci.
Amfani
Ana amfani da waɗannan kayan aikin don ayyuka daban -daban, musamman idan an yi niyya ne don sarrafa ayyuka masu yawa. Ci gabanta ya ba da damar ba da sabis ga kamfanonin ƙasa da ƙasa waɗanda ke ƙaruwa da girma da haɓakawa.
Don dalilai na kasuwanci
Ba tare da wata shakka ba, ɗaya daga cikin yankunan da suka fi cin gajiyar macrocomputer shine banki da kasuwanci. Haɓaka wasu kamfanoni a farkon shekarun 90 ya iyakance, saboda ba su iya ba da ƙarin fa'ida ga abokan cinikin su ba.
Wasu sun iyakance ga takamaiman adadin masu amfani da ayyuka. Tare da haɓaka macrocomputers, ayyukan banki ya zama na kowa, kasuwanci ya haɓaka ta yadda a yanzu yana haɗa fasahar tallan dijital tare da talla da tallace -tallace kan layi.
Soja
Kodayake sun kasance magabatan macrocomputers, ayyukan soji a duk duniya suna buƙatar ba tare da wani uzuri ba, suna ƙaddamar da tsarin sojansu da gudanarwar su ga macrocomputers. Tsarin jirgin sama, radars, sarrafa makamai, sarrafa bayanan sojoji, tsakanin sauran ayyukan, dole ne su kasance masu kula da manyan na'urori masu sarrafawa.
Yawan tauraron dan adam na soja da ke zagaya duniya dole ne ya kasance yana jagorantar macrocomputers. Dubban hanyoyin da suke aiwatarwa a kullun dole ne manyan kwamfutoci su sarrafa su. Za mu iya kwatanta da yawa Misalan macrocomputers wanda ke amsa buƙatun soji amma zai ɗauki lokaci mai tsawo don bayyana su duka.
Magunguna da lafiya
A yau ana buƙatar samun tsarin kula da annoba da tsarin sa ido. Wanda ke ba da damar sarrafawa da lura da nau'in cututtukan da ake samu a kowace ƙasa. A cikin gida kamfanoni da yawa suna kula da rikodin da sarrafa ayyukan tallafin bincike ta manyan ƙungiyoyi.
Bincike da amfani da ilimi
Godiya ga macrocomputers, ana iya gudanar da bincike daban -daban na kimiyya a layi ɗaya ko'ina cikin duniya. A yau ayyukan suna kulawa kuma ana nazarin su ta manyan kwararru.
Jami'o'i suna da babbar dama don watsa ayyukan bincike da nufin miliyoyin ɗalibai. Ana iya musayar bayanai, bayanai, bayanai da kowane irin albarkatu ba tare da iyakance lokaci da nisa ba.
Musanya a cibiyoyin sadarwa
Macrocomputers sun ba da damar daidaita ayyukan da za a iya jinkirta idan sabobin gama gari ne ke aiwatar da su. Bayanai na gidajen yanar gizo da yawa waɗanda ke tara bayanai masu yawa, suna amfani da albarkatun macrocomputers azaman ajiya.
Babban aikin tsarin tsarin yana ba da damar daidaita waɗannan hanyoyin, an tsara su musamman don sarrafa manyan bayanai da ke fitowa daga miliyoyin masu amfani ta aikace -aikace daban -daban. A cikin mahaɗin da ke tafe za ku iya ƙarin koyo game da batun da ya shafi Ire -iren hanyoyin sadarwa na cibiyar sadarwa
Nau'in macrocomputers
A cikin duniya akwai ƙirar macrocomputers da yawa waɗanda ke warwatse a cikin kamfanoni da kamfanoni daban -daban na duniya, daga cikin waɗanda aka fi amfani da su akwai:
- Wadanda IBM ya gina akan samfuran IBM zSeries, System z9 da z10. Waɗannan kwamfutocin Dominican a halin yanzu suna tallata macrocomputers.
- Hewlett-Packard yana haɓakawa da tallata kayan aikin NonStop. Groupe Bull ke ƙera DPS.
- Kamfanin Fujitsu na kasar Japan ya sayar da BS2000 da kuma manyan ayyukan Fujitsu-ICL VME, waɗanda ake siyarwa a Turai kawai.
- Unisys yana da ci gaban kasuwanci na samfuran ClearPath Libra da ClearPath, waɗanda a zahiri ke nuna launuka masu launuka, sifofi da layi.
- Hitachi yana haɓaka tsarin aiki da ake kira MSP da VOS 3, waɗanda IBM ke iƙirarin yin satar samfuran software na MVS waɗanda aka yi su a cikin 80s.
Misalan macrocomputers
Wasu an haɗa su cikin nau'ikan sabobin da muka riga muka yi magana a baya, daga cikinsu mun sami:
- IBM
- Tsarin z9
- z10 da zSeries
Tabbas aikinmu ne mu tunatar da ku cewa har yanzu IBM har yanzu shine jagoran kasuwa a babban shafi, tare da abin mamaki 90% na shi.
Wanene ke samun kyakkyawan layin macrocomputers wanda aka sani a duk duniya kamar:
- System 360
- System 370
- System 390
Yakamata a haɗa shi ba tare da wata shakka ba tauna kamar ClearPath Libra da sauran manyan fannoni kamar Fujitsu-ICL VME cewa yau ana samun su a cikin Nahiyar Turai. Kazalika akwai wasu tsofaffi sosai, daga shekaru goma na 80s da har yanzu suna nan.
Hakanan samfuran kamar Hitachi da Fujitsu suna da layin macrocomputers ko kwamfutar macro waɗanda ke amfani da tsarin aiki waɗanda suke kira MSP da VOS3, kuma a wani lokaci sun yi musu filashi daga tsarin aiki na IBM da ake kira MVS, wannan a cikin 1980s.
Akwai wasu waɗanda fasahar su ta fi na yau da kullun kuma ana sarrafa su ta CDS waɗanda ke da babban abin dogaro, kazalika da kyakkyawan iya aiki a cikin sabis da samuwa kuma ba shakka tsaro, wanda yake da mahimmanci. A samfurin macrocomputer Shine wanda aka nuna a hoto na gaba.
