A kan kwamfuta na sirri, zaku iya yin ayyuka marasa ƙima kamar rubuta takaddun rubutu, yin ci gaba ko ci gaba, yin kasafin kuɗi, kallon bidiyo, sauraron kiɗa, hawan yanar gizo, da sauransu. Samun duk bayanan da ke cikin wannan labarin game da menene daya PC ko kwamfutar tafi-da-gidanka, asali, abin da ake bukata da sauransu.
Gano komai game da abin da PC yake
Ana kuma kiran kayan aikin kwamfuta na mutum kwamfuta ko kwamfuta ta sirri. Duk da haka, an fi saninsa da acronym na PC wanda ke amsa sunansa a cikin Turanci Personal Computer.
Wata kalmar da aka saba kiranta da ita ita ce Desktop ko kwamfutar tafi-da-gidanka, saboda koyaushe suna kasancewa a tsaye, wato, ba za a iya jigilar su daga wuri zuwa wani cikin sauƙi ba.
Asali an ƙirƙiri wannan aji na ƙananan kwamfutoci don keɓantaccen amfani na mai amfani guda ɗaya. Ƙwaƙwalwar PC gabaɗaya tana nufin kwamfutoci masu jituwa da IBM PC.
Yawanci kwamfutar tafi-da-gidanka tana da matsakaicin girma kuma kamar yadda aka riga aka bayyana ta mutum ɗaya ne ke amfani da ita. Koyaya, akwai tsarin aiki masu amfani da yawa waɗanda ke ba masu amfani da yawa damar amfani da kwamfutar a lokaci guda.
Idan har yanzu ba a bayyana muku ba menene kwamfuta na sirri ko PC, za mu iya gaya muku cewa kayan aikin kwamfuta ne na zamani wanda zai iya sarrafawa, karɓa da adana bayanai. Yana kuma iya yin lissafin lissafi ko ayyuka na hankali ta atomatik.
Saboda abubuwan da suka gabata, ana iya cewa ana tsara kwamfuta ta sirri don yin ayyuka daban-daban kamar: nazari, rubuta rubutu, hawan Intanet, yin sayayya ta yanar gizo, da kuma yin aikin ofis ko makaranta, kamar: rubuta wasiƙa. yi kasafin kuɗi, gyara rubutu, ƙirƙirar bayanai, da sauransu.
Idan kana son gano wasu bangarorin abin da PC yake, kula da gabatarwar da ke gaba wanda aka bayyana komai game da wannan batu.
Amfanin nishaɗi
Hakazalika, ana amfani da kwamfuta wajen gudanar da ayyukan jin daɗi daban-daban kamar sauraron kiɗa, kallon bidiyo, kallon silsila ko fina-finai, wasa, yin magana ta yanar gizo, da dai sauransu.
A gefe guda kuma, dangane da motsin sa, an bambanta nau'ikan guda biyu: kwamfutar tafi-da-gidanka da kwamfutar tafi-da-gidanka, duka biyun suna iya aiwatar da ayyukan da aka ambata amma sun bambanta da cewa na farko ba zai yiwu a iya jigilar su ba kuma suna aiki ne kawai da haɗin gwiwa. zuwa tashar wutar lantarki, yayin da kwamfutar tafi-da-gidanka za a iya ɗauka a ko'ina kuma ana iya amfani da ita ba tare da haɗin kai zuwa wurin fita ba.
Tarihin Keɓaɓɓen Kwamfuta ko PC
Kafin bayyanar kwamfutoci, akwai na'urorin da ba na dijital ko na lantarki ba da yawa kamar abacus ko na'urorin inji waɗanda ake amfani da su don yaƙi da tarin bayanai.
Wani sanannen abin da ya faru a cikin kwamfutar shi ne Harvard Mark I, na'ura mai kwakwalwa ta lantarki wanda kamfanin Arewacin Amirka IBM ya kirkiro a 1944, daga bisani Colossus Mark I da Colossus Mark 2 suka bayyana.
Duk da haka,, Sai a shekarar 1964 ne kalmar “Personal Computer” (PC) ta bayyana a cikin kasidu daban-daban a cikin mujallar New Scientist. Dangane da haka, Arthur L. Samuel na Cibiyar Nazarin Watson ta IBM ya rubuta a cikin labarin "Banishment of Paper Work":
"Duk da cewa za a iya samun ilimi gaba daya a gida, ta hanyar kwamfutar mutum, yanayin dan Adam ba zai canza ba, kuma har yanzu ana bukatar makarantu masu dakunan gwaje-gwaje, ajujuwa da malamai masu zaburar da dalibai."
A tsakanin shekarar 1962 zuwa 1964, injiniyan dan kasar Italiya Pier Giorgio Perotto na kamfanin Olivetti na kasar Italiya ya kirkiro na'urar kwamfuta ta farko mai suna Programma 101. Yana da kyau a nuna cewa shi ma wannan injiniyan ya kirkiro katin maganadisu.
Sauran bayanan tarihi
Wannan kwamfuta na da matukar muhimmanci ta yadda a shekarar 1969 NASA ta yi amfani da ita a kan aikin Apollo 11 don aika mutum na farko zuwa duniyar wata. A wannan shekarar ma, tashar talabijin ta ABC ta Amurka ta yi amfani da shi wajen hasashen zabukan siyasa, kuma sojojin Amurka sun yi amfani da shi wajen tsara dabarun gudanar da ayyukansu a yakin Vietnam.
A daya bangaren kuma, kamfanin Hewlett Packard 9100 a shekarar 1968 ya dauki aikin kera na’urar kwamfuta mai kama da na Programma 101, inda ta fuskanci shari’ar satar bayanai, inda aka same ta da laifi, sai da ya biya Olivetti dala 900.000.
Duk da irin amfanin da aka yi wa kwamfutar, sai a ƙarshen shekarun 70 ne ta zama kayan aiki, saboda ƙaddamar da maƙallan bayanai na VisiCalc. Asali wannan aikace-aikacen na kamfanin Apple II ne daga baya kuma na IBM PC ne.
Yanzu, ƙarni na biyu na kwamfutocin tebur waɗanda suka shiga kasuwa a cikin 1977 sun zama sananne sosai kuma sun zama ruwan dare a tsakanin masu amfani a cikin XNUMXs, suna mai da kwamfuta ta sirri ta zama dangantakar abokantaka.
Ci gaba da tarihin PC
A cikin XNUMXs, microcomputers sun zama sananne sosai tsakanin iyalai da ma'aikata, waɗanda suka sami PC da sauri saboda ƙarancin farashi. Haka kuma saboda ba su da yawa kuma sun fi ƙarfin kwamfutocin da kamfanoni ke da su a lokacin.
Wani dalilin da ya sa kwamfutoci suka shahara shi ne yadda masu sha’awar kwamfuta sukan yi amfani da su wajen yin wasa.
Mahimmanci, kwamfutoci na sirri sun zama masu ƙarfi a cikin shekarun XNUMXs, tare da kawar da babban bambanci da ke tsakanin PC da kwamfutoci masu amfani da yawa kamar kwamfutoci masu mahimmanci.
A halin yanzu
A yau yawancin na'urori marasa jituwa na IBM sun kasance suna shahara sosai don takamaiman amfani, duk da shaharar kwamfutoci na sirri.
Manyan kwamfutoci na yau sun sha bamban da kwamfutoci domin su duka sun fi dogaro da aiki da yawa, ba wai don ƙarfin Central Processing Unit (CPU) ba.
Gabaɗaya, yawancin kwamfutoci na sirri suna amfani da ƙirar kayan masarufi kamar IBM PC, kuma suna amfani da microprocessors masu alaƙa da dangin x86 na masu sarrafawa waɗanda AMD, Intel, ko Cyrix suka kirkira.
A farkon ƙarni, na'ura mai sarrafa kwamfuta ta Apple PowerPC da kuma tsarin aiki na Mac OS X sun fi son masu amfani waɗanda gabaɗaya suka yi amfani da shi don ƙirar hoto da makamantansu, da kuma ana amfani da su daidai a gida.
Koyaya, ya zuwa 2006, Apple ya daina kera kwamfutoci tare da microprocessors na PowerPC, tare da maye gurbinsu da na Intel. Duk da wannan, sun kasance marasa jituwa, don haka kwamfutoci masu jituwa suna amfani da tsarin shigar da kayan aiki na asali (BIOS) kuma Macs suna amfani da Unified Extensible Firmware Interface (EFI).
An ƙirƙiri kwamfuta ta sirri da farko don amfanin gida ba don kasuwanci ko saitunan masana'antu ba. Dangane da wannan kuma akan babban yawan samar da PC, ya zama mai sauƙin siye ga kowane nau'in jama'a.
Hakanan, an ƙirƙira su tare da amfanin su ga abokan cinikin da ba na fasaha ba a hankali, ba kamar na'urorin microcomputer na ƙarni na farko waɗanda ke buƙatar karatun da suka shafi na'urorin lantarki ba.
A cikin shekarun farko na XNUMXs, amfani da kalmar "kwamfuta na sirri" yana raguwa a Turai kuma a Amurka kalmar ta mutu a ƙarshen shekaru goma, duk wannan yana amsawa ga fifikon kalmar "PC" da bayyanar kwamfutar IBM mai dacewa da kwamfuta ta sirri.
Fitattun Kwamfutoci na Keɓaɓɓu
Kafin gabatar da jerin fitattun kwamfutoci daga shekarun 1960 zuwa 1980, mun fayyace ƙira mafi mahimmanci a Amurka:
- 1964: Kamfanin Olivetti na Italiya ya kirkiro Programma 101
- 1977: Apple II
- A shekara ta 1981: IBM PC
- 1982: Commodore 64
- 1982: ZX Spectrum
- Daga 1984: Apple Macintosh
Yana da mahimmanci a lura cewa yawancin sauran kwamfutoci na sirri sun fito a wannan lokacin, amma ba tare da haifar da wani tasiri mai mahimmanci akan kasuwar Amurka ba ko kuma akan tarihin lissafin gida.
Yawancin samfura masu jituwa na layin tsarin microcomputer guda ɗaya ana iya jera su, kamar dangin Apple II da Tandy Radio Shack Z-80 (TRS-80).
Wanne PC ya fi mahimmanci tsakanin 1960 da 1980?
A ƙasa akwai jerin manyan kwamfutoci masu mahimmanci daga shekarun 1960 zuwa 1980, gami da shekarar halitta, da yankinsu ko ƙasarsu.
- 1960: EAI Pace (TR 48), PC mai nauyin kilogram 145 kuma yana auna mita 1,2, zurfin 60 cm da tsayi 60 cm.
- 1962: a Cibiyar Fasaha ta Massachusetts (MIT) - (Amurka), an tsara shirye-shiryen zane na farko don mai amfani don yin hulɗa tare da allon.
- By 1962: A Jami'ar Manchester (Ingila) kwamfuta ATLAS, ya gabatar da ra'ayoyi na zamani kamar su katsewa, bututu, ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya, ƙwaƙwalwar interleaved, da ƙwaƙwalwar shafi.
- 1963: DEC (Kamfanin Kayan Aikin Dijital) - (Amurka) ta ƙaddamar da ƙaramin na'ura mai nasara na kasuwanci na farko.
- A 1964: IBM S/360 jerin ya bayyana, shi ne na farko iyali na sirri kwamfuta.
- 1965: "Control Data 6600" (Turai), supercomputer tare da CPU 60-bit da na'urori masu sarrafawa 10 (PPUs).
- 1977: Apple II (Amurka), yana da zane-zane masu launi da ramukan fadada takwas.
- Tuni a cikin 1977: Tandy Radio Shack (TRS-80) (Amurka), ita ce kwamfutar sirri ta farko da farashin kasa da dala 600.
- 1977: Commodore PET (Amurka), ita ce kwamfuta ta farko da ta fi cikakkiyar cikakkiyar kwamfyuta, tun da ta haɗa da maɓalli, allo da kaset.
- 1979: Atari 400/800 (Amurka), ita ce kwamfuta ta farko da ta haɗa da takamaiman chipset da guntu na bidiyo.
- A ƙarshe a cikin shekara ta 1979: TI-99/4, ita ce layin farko na kwamfutoci masu amfani da processor 16-bit.
Kwamfutoci na sirri daga 1980s
- 1980: Commodore VIC-20 (Jamus) kwamfutar gida ta bayyana tare da processor 8-bit, 5 KB na RAM da MOS 6502 CPU. Kudinsa bai kai dala 300 ba.
- 1980: Osborne 1 (Amurka) ita ce kwamfutar tafi-da-gidanka ta farko, mai nauyin kilo 11 kawai, tare da processor Z80 4 MHz da 64 kilobytes na RAM.
- 1981: Texas Instruments TI-99/4A, kwamfuta da aka haɓaka daga TI-99/4, ita ce kwamfuta ta biyu ta sirri tare da CPU 16-bit kuma ta farko da ta haɗa da zane-zane na sprite.
- A cikin shekara ta 1981: IBM PC "Model 5150" (Boca Raton, Florida) shine ainihin sigar dandamalin kayan aikin IBM PC mai jituwa.
- 1981: Sinclair ZX81 (Turai), yana da madanni na membrane, nauyin 350g, RAM 1Kb. Kayan ya kai fam 49,95, an kuma sayar da shi a Amurka, Argentina da Brazil.
- By 1981: BBC Micro (Turai), wanda aka fi sani da Beeb, yana ɗaya daga cikin kwamfutoci na farko da aka yi amfani da su don dalilai na ilimi. Makarantun Burtaniya da yawa sun yi amfani da shi wajen koyar da ilimin kwamfuta da fasahar sadarwa.
- 1982: Kaypro ya ƙaddamar da kwamfutar Kaypro II mai ɗaukar hoto da kuma kamfanin Olivetti mai kwakwalwar Olivetti M20 tare da mai sarrafa na'ura na Zilog Z8001, yana da nau'i-nau'i guda biyu.
- 1982: Sinclair ZX Spectrum (Turai), tare da 8-bit, Zilog Z80A microprocessor, shine mafi so ga masu sha'awar wasan kwamfuta da bidiyo.
- A shekara ta 1982: Commodore 64, kwamfutar gida ce mai 8-bit, tana da kaset ɗin da kuma nau'in floppy drive 5 1/4-inch.
Mu ci gaba da tamanin
- 1983: Coleco Adam kwamfutar gida mai 80MHz Zilog Z3.58A processor da 64 KB RAM, 16 KB VRAM da 32 KB ROM.
- 1983: MSX (Japan), microcomputer na cikin gida tare da processor 8-bit, kuma ya yi nasara a Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Cuba, Spain, Faransa, Netherlands da Tarayyar Soviet. 1983: VTech Laser 200 (Hong Kong). ita ce kwamfuta mafi arha a kasuwa, tare da processor Zilog Z80, 16 kB ROM memory, 4 ko 8 KB RAM wanda za a iya faɗaɗa zuwa 64 kB.
- A cikin 1984, an ƙirƙiri Amstrad/Schneider CPC (Ingila), kwamfutar da za a yi amfani da ita a gida ta ɗauki watanni 6 kawai a kasuwa, tana da processor Zilog Z8A mai 80-bit da RAM 48 KB.
- 1985: Atari ST, ita ce kwamfutar gida ta farko tare da ƙirar hoto, 16-bit microprocessor, mahara tashar jiragen ruwa, adadin launuka. Kwamfuta ce mai arha kuma an sayar da fiye da miliyan 6 a duk duniya.
- 1985: Amiga 1000 kwamfuta an lura da shi don ƙwarewar sauti da bidiyo, OS GUI, da tsarin aiki na multithreaded na farko. Na'urar sarrafa ta Motorola 68000 a 7.16 MHz da RAM na 8 MB.
- A ƙarshe, a cikin 1987, an ƙera Acorn Archimedes (Turai), kwamfutar da ke kan na'ura mai sarrafa 32-bit ARM mai 512 KB RAM.
Kammala bayani kan tarihi da juyin halittar kwamfutoci ko PC ta hanyar kallon bidiyon da muka bari a hannunka a ƙasa:
Nau'o'in Kwamfutocin Keɓaɓɓu
Ana rarraba kwamfutoci gwargwadon saurinsu na ciki da na waje, wanda kuma ke bambance bits ɗin da ake sarrafa su a cikin daƙiƙa guda. Kazalika da ƙarfin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya da bayanan shirye-shiryen kwamfuta da aikace-aikacen da za ta iya sarrafa su.
Hakazalika, nau'ikan kwamfutoci sun bambanta da tambarin masana'anta, wanda aka fi sani da Intel, Qualcomm da AMD. Sabili da haka, kowane alama da samfurin microprocessor ya ƙunshi takamaiman fasaha, da kuma tsayin raƙuman ciki.
Saboda abubuwan da ke sama, ana iya tabbatar da cewa nau'ikan kwamfutoci na sirri suna amsa abubuwan da ke tantance su, kamar girmansu, karfinsu da kuma amfaninsu.
Ta wannan ma'ana za mu iya ambata a tsakanin wasu nau'ikan kwamfutoci masu zuwa:
- PC Aiki ko Tashar Aiki
- Desktop
- kwamfuta kwatance
- Laptop
- Super kwamfutoci ko manyan firam
- Allunan da wayoyin hannu.
- PC Gamer
A ƙasa muna gabatar da cikakken bayanin kowane ɗayan:
PC Aiki
Ana ayyana wurin aiki ko wurin aiki (a Turanci) a kimiyyar kwamfuta azaman babbar kwamfuta da aka tsara don ayyukan fasaha ko na kimiyya waɗanda galibi suna da sarƙaƙiya.
Yayin da a cikin hanyar sadarwa ta kwamfuta ita ce kwamfutar da ke ba masu amfani damar samun damar yin amfani da sabar cibiyar sadarwa da kayan aiki, irin su: keyboard, linzamin kwamfuta, linzamin kwamfuta, printer, hard drive, modem ko wasu na'urorin mara waya, da sauransu.
Gidan Aiki na PC yana da katin cibiyar sadarwa, kuma yana haɗawa zuwa sabobin ta hanyar igiyoyi ko adaftan. Hakanan, uwar garken da kayan aikin aiki suna samun babban aikin kwamfuta.
A lokaci guda za su iya zama abin dogaro, masu jituwa, da kuma samar da scalability da ci-gaba gine wanda ya sa su zama cikakke ga mahalli da yawa kuma masu sana'a daban-daban za su yi amfani da su.
Sauran siffofi na PC Aiki
Yana da kyau a lura cewa matsakaitawar wuraren aiki a yau sun fi na ƙarnin da suka gabata ƙarfi. Sakamakon haka, kasuwar wurin aiki tana ƙara ƙwarewa a kowace rana, tunda wasu hadaddun ayyuka waɗanda a baya suna buƙatar tsarin ƙarfi ana iya aiwatar da su ta hanyar kwamfutoci gabaɗaya.
Koyaya, yana da mahimmanci a lura cewa kayan aikin wurin aiki sun cika don amsa da sauri ga yanayin da ke buƙatar babban matakin aiki da aminci, inda kwamfutoci na gargajiya yawanci ba za su yi aiki ba.
A yau akwai masana'antun da yawa da ke sayar da waɗannan kwamfutoci da yawa, daga cikinsu muna da: HP, Dell ko LENOVO masu amfani da CPUs x86-64.
Hakanan muna da Intel Xeon ko AMD Opteron tare da Microsoft Windows ko GNU/Linux tsarin aiki; masana'antun Apple Inc. da Sun Microsystems tare da tsarin aiki na UNIX don wuraren aikin su.
Ana amfani da wuraren aiki galibi a ƙirar hoto, ƙirar ƙirar 3D, injiniyanci, rayarwa, bincike, zurfin koyo, da sarrafa bayanai.
Desktop
Kwamfuta ta tebur, kwamfutar tebur, kwamfutar tebur ko kwamfutar tafi-da-gidanka nau'in kwamfuta ce ta sirri da aka ƙera kuma aka ƙera don amfani da ita a tsaye, yawanci tana kan tebur ko tebur, ko dai don amfani da ita a wurin aiki ko a gida.
Kalmar “Desktop Computer” ta fito ne daga kalmar Ingilishi “Destkop”, wadda aka fassara tana nufin “a kan tebur ko a kan tebur”; don haka ya bambanta kansa da kalmar "Laptop" wanda ke nufin kwamfutar tafi-da-gidanka.
Gabaɗaya, kwamfutocin da ake siyar da su a matakin sirri kuma suke amfani da tsarin aiki na Microsoft Windows don aikin su ana kiran su PC ko na sirri. Bugu da kari, wannan microcomputer za a iya amfani da guda mai amfani ko da yawa a lokaci guda, dangane da tsarin aiki da su.
Kayan aiki
Kwamfutoci na sirri ko kwamfutoci suna da adadi mai yawa na abubuwan da za a iya haɗa su daban zuwa takamaiman nau'i biyu, wato:
- hardware:bangare ne na zahiri da zahiri na tsarin, wanda yayi daidai da jikin kwamfutar. Ali ya ƙunshi abubuwan lantarki da na lantarki waɗanda ake buƙata don aiwatar da ayyuka na yau da kullun, kamar wutar lantarki na PC.
- software: ita ce kwakwalwa ko tunanin kwamfuta kuma ana wakilta ta da ma'auni, abstract da dijital na tsarin. A cikin wannan ɓangaren, ana haɓaka ayyukan a cikin yanayin da aka kwaikwayi wanda ke sauƙaƙe hulɗar kwamfuta da mai amfani. Wannan bangare ya hada da dukkan shirye-shirye tun daga tsarin aiki zuwa aikace-aikacen da aka shigar daga baya, wanda ke sa kwamfutar ta yi aiki yadda ya kamata.
kwamfuta kwatance
Kamar yadda sunan ta ke nunawa, kwamfuta ta quantum tsari ce ta nau’ukan nau’ukan da’irar da ake kira quantum circuits, wacce ke da ikon kerawa da sarrafa quantum bits, wanda aka fi sani da qubits, wanda hakan ke ba su damar yin hadaddun ayyuka.
Babban bambanci tsakanin kwamfuta mai ƙididdigewa da kwamfuta ta gargajiya ita ce saurin da take warware hadadden lissafi.
Mafi girman amfani da wannan kwamfuta ita ce kwaikwayar halayen kwayoyin halitta a matakin kwayoyin halitta, misali kamfanonin motoci Volkswagen ko Daimler suna kwaikwaya sinadarai na batura na motoci masu amfani da wutar lantarki ta hanyar kwamfutoci masu yawa, don inganta karfinsu.
Hakazalika, kamfanonin harhada magunguna suna amfani da tsarin ƙididdigewa don tantancewa da kwatanta mahaɗan sinadaran da za su iya haifar da samar da sabbin magunguna.
Muna gayyatar ku don kallon bidiyo mai zuwa don ƙarin koyo game da menene kwamfyuta kwamfyuta, abin da ake yi da kuma yadda zai iya canza duniya.
Laptop
Kwamfutar tafi-da-gidanka, kwamfutar tafi-da-gidanka, ko kwamfutar tafi-da-gidanka, na'urar kwamfuta ce da za a iya ɗauka ko ɗauka daga wani wuri zuwa wani cikin sauƙi, saboda suna da haske a zahiri.
Duk da girmansa, nauyi da girmansa bai kai na kwamfutar tebur ba, kwamfutar tafi-da-gidanka tana iya yin yawancin ayyukan da suke yi. Wani dalili kuma da ke sanya su šaukuwa shine ikon yin aiki na wani ɗan lokaci ba tare da toshe su cikin tushen wutar lantarki na cikin gida ba, saboda suna da batir mai caji.
Suna kuma aiki daidai da haɗin kai zuwa cibiyar sadarwar lantarki. Akwai nau'ikan kwamfutoci masu ɗaukar hoto iri-iri a kasuwa, waɗanda za mu iya ambata a cikinsu: kwamfutar tafi-da-gidanka, littafin rubutu, netbook, PC Tablet, Wayar hannu ko Wayar Waya, Ƙaƙƙarfan ƙididdiga ko wasan bidiyo, Na'urar Intanet ta Wayar hannu (MID), UMPC (Ultra Mobile). PC, Ultra -mobile PC), eBook reader (eReader), GPS Navigator, PDA (Personal Digital Assistant, Personal Digital Assistant), Digital Media Player: MP3, MP4, MP5, da sauransu.
Masu sarrafa kwamfuta
Supercomputers ko Babban Firam ɗin sune kayan aikin kwamfuta mafi ƙarfi a duniya. Waɗannan kwamfutoci an haɗa su da ɗaruruwan na'urori masu sarrafawa waɗanda ke aiki a layi ɗaya azaman naúrar, don haka suna iya ƙididdigewa da sarrafa bayanai ta hanya mai ban mamaki.
Abin da ya sa su zama kayan aiki masu dacewa da za a yi amfani da su don wasu dalilai na musamman kamar a fannin kimiyya, tun da koda an yi amfani da kwamfutoci da yawa a lokaci guda don ƙididdige adadin bayanai, ba za su ba da sakamakon da ake tsammani ba, da sauri da sauri. .
Ana auna saurin supercomputers a “Taraflops" wanda yayi daidai da tiriliyan ayyuka a cikin dakika guda. A jami'ar fasahar tsaro ta kasar Sin, akwai na'urar kwamfuta mai suna "Tianhe-2" da ake ganin ita ce mafi girma a duniya ya zuwa yanzu.
Wannan babban kwamfuta mai girma yana iya yin wasu ayyuka quadrillion 33.48 a sakan daya. Ana amfani da manyan firam ɗin a cikin wuraren bincike masu zuwa:
- A cikin nazarin sararin samaniya
- Don kwaikwayi abubuwan lalacewa da haɗari, kamar gwajin makaman nukiliya
- a cikin hasashen yanayi
PC Gamer
PC Gamer kayan aikin kwamfuta ne da aka kera don keɓantaccen amfani da wasanni tare da babban matakin hoto. Duk da haka, wannan kwamfutar tana da ikon yin dukkan ayyukan da kwamfutar gargajiya ke yi, kamar ƙirƙirar takaddun rubutu, yin zane a cikin Photoshop, bincika gidan yanar gizo, gyara hotuna da sauransu.
ga wadanda ba su sani ba menene pc caca, inji ne mai ƙarfi wanda babban manufarsa shine gudanar da wasannin da ke buƙatar ƙarin kayan masarufi.
Sun bambanta da kwamfutoci na sirri saboda sun haɗa da babban na'ura mai sarrafawa, mafi girman ƙarfin ƙwaƙwalwar RAM da broadband, kuma suna da katunan zane ɗaya ko fiye waɗanda ke samar da kyawawan hotuna masu inganci.
Kwamfutar wasan kwaikwayo, ban da masu sha'awar wasan bidiyo suna amfani da su, ana kuma fifita su da wasu nau'ikan masu amfani kamar masu ƙirƙirar abun ciki, masu ƙirƙira da zanen kaya, ƙwararrun da ke cin gajiyar wannan PC.
Shin kun san wanene mafi kyawun PC Gamer don kunna da aiki a cikin 2021? Ga bidiyon da ke amsa wannan tambayar.
Menene Hardware na PC?
Hardware, kayan aiki ko tallafi na jiki ana bayyana su a cikin kwamfuta azaman sassa na zahiri da na zahiri na tsarin kwamfuta, wato, duk waɗannan sassan waje ne waɗanda za mu iya taɓawa.
Sabanin manhajar kwamfuta, wadda ita ce bangaren da ba a iya ma'amala da ma'ana da ma'ana a cikin tsarin kwamfuta, hardware yana kunshe ne da sinadaran lantarki da na lantarki da na lantarki da na lantarki da na injiniyoyi na kwamfutar, da kuma igiyoyi, na'urori, kayan daki ko kwalaye da duk wani abu na zahiri da ya ke. na zahiri a kan PC.
Yana da mahimmanci a haskaka cewa keyboard, linzamin kwamfuta, ƙaho, belun kunne, kyamaran gidan yanar gizo, na'urar dubawa, firinta, makirufo, na'urar daukar hotan takardu, faifan diski, faifan alƙalami, masu amfani da hanyoyin sadarwa sune abubuwan da suka haɗa da hardware na keɓaɓɓen kwamfuta.
A gefe guda kuma, kalmar ta fito ne daga harshen Ingilishi kuma fassararsa zuwa Mutanen Espanya bai dace da kowace kalma ko jumlar kwamfuta ba, don haka an ɗauke ta yadda take da kuma yadda ake furta ta.
A cewar Royal Spanish Academy, hardware shine "Saiti na abubuwan da ke tattare da kayan aikin kwamfuta".
Wani muhimmin bayani da ya kamata a lura da shi shi ne, ana amfani da kalmomin a wasu fannonin rayuwa da fasaha na yau da kullum, kamar a fannin na’urorin lantarki, kayan masarufi da aka yi su da injina, da lantarki, da lantarki, da na’urar lantarki, da wayoyi da allunan da’ira.
hardware tarihi
An raba tarihin kayan aikin kwamfuta zuwa tsararraki da yawa, kowannensu yana gabatar da muhimmin canji na fasaha. Wato:
- ƙarni na farko: Tsakanin shekarun 1 zuwa 1945, na'urorin lantarki na kwamfuta sun kasance da relays da vacuum tubes. Anan mun sami injuna na farko da suka raba kayan aikin lantarki.
- 2nd Generation tsakanin 1957 da 1963: transistor yana maye gurbin bututun injin a matsayin kayan lantarki. Bugu da kari, girman kwamfutar ya ragu sosai.
- Ƙarni na 3 daga 1964 zuwa 1980: Na'urorin lantarki na kwamfuta sun ƙunshi transistor da sauran kayan lantarki da aka haɗa cikin da'ira guda.
- 4th Generation daga 1981 zuwa 1990: IC LSI (Large Scale Integrated Circuit Integrated Circuit) an halicce shi, tare da ƙarin kayan aikin lantarki da aka haɗa a cikin haɗin haɗin kai.
- Generation na 5 daga 1991 zuwa 2019: girman kwamfutar ya ragu sosai
Software na PC
An san software da dukkan abubuwan da ba a taɓa gani ba na kwamfutar, wato duk abin da ba za a taɓa shi ba. Don haka ana daukar manhajar a matsayin tsarin tsarin kwamfuta, wanda ya kunshi dukkan umarnin da ya kamata kwamfutar ta bi domin cika ayyukan.
Yana da mahimmanci a haskaka cewa akwai ma'anoni da yawa kama da juna, don fayyace software, duk da haka, mafi karɓuwa shine mai zuwa, wanda aka ciro daga ma'aunin IEEE 729:
"Shi ne tsarin shirye-shiryen kwamfuta, matakai, dokoki, takardu da bayanan da ke da alaƙa, wanda wani bangare ne na ayyukan tsarin kwamfuta".
Idan muka yi la'akari da wannan ra'ayi na Software, za mu iya kwatanta shi da kwakwalwar kwamfuta, tun da ita ce bangaren da ke yin oda, ta hanyar shirye-shirye da aikace-aikace daban-daban, ayyukan da dole ne a yi don cika wani takamaiman aiki.
Misalin wannan shine na'ura mai sarrafa rubutu wanda ke bawa mai amfani damar rubuta rubutu, haruffa da takardu a cikin Word. Haka kuma tsarin aiki wanda ke ba da damar sauran aikace-aikacen suyi aiki daidai kuma don haka samar da cikakkiyar hulɗa tsakanin ɗan adam da kwamfuta.
A ƙarshe, software wani ɓangare ne na kwamfutar da ke aika umarnin da hardware ke aiwatarwa, wannan hulɗar da ke tsakanin waɗannan abubuwa yana sa kwamfutar ta yi aiki daidai.
Rarraba software
A yau akwai iri-iri iri-iri ssoftware, wanda dole ne a daidaita shi kuma a shigar dashi zuwa kayan lantarki da kuke son sarrafa. Misali, masu sarrafa kalmomin kwamfuta, aikace-aikacen wayar hannu, da shirye-shiryen sarrafa jirgin sama duk suna amfani da software daban-daban don ba su damar aiki.
Bugu da kari, software da yawa suna aiki a lokaci guda don cika aikin da mai amfani ke son aiwatarwa, ta haka ne zaku iya kunna bidiyo, bincika Intanet ko rubuta rubutu kawai akan kwamfuta ko Smartphone.
Ga wasu nau'ikan software daban-daban:
- Basic Input Output System (BIOS)
- tsarin aiki
- App software
BIOS
BIOS shine ainihin tsarin shigar da kwamfuta, kalmar ta zo daga gajarta a Turanci (Basic Input Output System). Firmware ne wanda ke zaune a cikin guntu da aka sanya a cikin ƙwaƙwalwar ROM na kwamfutar.
Yana da software asali na kowace kwamfuta, kasancewar haɗin kai tsakanin hardware da software na tsarin boot, tunda ita ce ke kula da kunnawa da fara kwamfutar.
Wato idan muka danna maballin wutar lantarki akan PC ɗinmu (a wannan yanayin shine Hardware) BIOS ne ke kula da tsarin taya, kasancewar hanyar da tsarin aiki ke yin mu'amala da maballin, linzamin kwamfuta da Monitor. , ko tare da wasu aikace-aikacen shigarwa/fitarwa.
Hakanan ana amfani da BIOS don ganowa da daidaita kayan masarufi kamar na'urorin ajiya na waje, tukwici, processor, ko RAM.
Gano a cikin bidiyon da ke gaba wasu abubuwan sha'awa game da BIOS, wanda ake ji game da lokacin nazarin PC, amma masu amfani kaɗan ne suka san menene. Kula.
Azuzuwan BIOS
Yana da mahimmanci a nuna cewa akwai nau'ikan BIOS daban-daban, waɗanda suka bambanta ta hanyar da masana'anta ke yin rikodin bayanan da ke kan guntu ta yadda zai dace da ƙwaƙwalwar ROM inda za a sanya shi. A tsakanin su muna da:
- ROM: yana nufin gajarta a Turanci Read Only Memory, bayanin wannan BIOS kawai pAna iya yin rikodin lokacin da masana'anta ke yin guntu, don haka baya yarda da gyare-gyare.
- EPROM (Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory): Ba kamar na baya ba, bayanan da ke cikin wannan BIOS za a iya gyaggyarawa tun lokacin da aka yi rikodin kuma an tsara su da abubuwan motsa jiki ta hanyar amfani da hasken ultraviolet.
- FLASH BIOS: wanda kuma aka sani da sunan flash memory. Shi guntu mai canzawa wanda za'a iya sake rubuta shi ta hanyar shiri na musamman wanda kuma ke amfani da kuzarin lantarki.
- PNP: su ne ƙayyadaddun kalmomi daga kalmomin Ingilishi "Plug and Play", waɗannan BIOS suna da ikon gane duk wani na'ura da aka haɗa da PC ta atomatik, kamar yadda yake kafa albarkatun don wannan na'urar ta yi aiki daidai.
Tsarin aiki na PC
Operating System, OS ko OS (Operating System) ita ce hadakar shirye-shiryen da ke sarrafa tsarin kwamfuta na kwamfuta, sannan kuma yana ba da damar yin aiki daidai da sauran manhajoji.
Ma’ana, dukkansu manhajoji ne da ke sarrafa ma’adanar ma’adanar bayanai, da adana bayanai, da rumbun adana bayanai, da na’ura mai kwakwalwa, da kayan aikin kwamfuta, da kuma na’urar sadarwa.
Tsarin da ya mamaye kwamfutoci na sirri shine Microsoft Windows mai kusan kashi 82,74% na kasuwar kwamfuta, sai kuma MacOS na Apple Inc. da kashi 13,23%, sai GNU/Linux daban-daban tsarin aiki da suka mamaye matsayi na uku da kashi 1,57%.
Duk da haka, ba waɗannan ba ne kawai tsarin aiki a kasuwa ba, amma sun fi shahara. Sauran nau'ikan tsarin aiki da za mu iya samu su ne kamar haka:
- BudeBSD.
- Solaris.
- Unix.
- FreeBSD.
- Android-x86 (GNU/Linux)
- Google Chrome OS (GNU/Linux)
App software
Software na aikace-aikace shiri ne da aka ƙera don yin takamaiman ayyuka, ayyuka, ko ayyukan da ke amfanar mai amfani kai tsaye. Wadannan manhajoji galibi ana kiran su ta hanyar takaitawa a cikin Turanci App, daga aikace-aikacen.
Gabaɗaya, manhajar aikace-aikacen an ƙirƙira su ne da kuma tallata su daban da software ɗin da ke cikin kwamfutar, don haka mai amfani ne ke yanke shawarar zaɓin ta da kuma shigar da shi daga baya a cikin tsarin sarrafa kwamfuta.
Don haka, ana iya cewa an shigar da waɗannan aikace-aikacen don yin aiki a wasu ayyuka a matsayin kayan aiki na aiki, nishaɗi ko nishaɗi, da bayanai, da sauransu.
Koyaya, an riga an shigar da software da yawa akan PC, saboda yarjejeniya tsakanin kamfanoni ko tallace-tallace na musamman da aka bayar don siyan kwamfutar.
Misalan software na aikace-aikacen sune na'urorin sarrafa kalmomi, masu binciken gidan yanar gizo, masu sauti ko bidiyo, na'urar kwaikwayo ta jirgin sama, na'urorin wasan bidiyo, masu gyara hoto, maƙunsar bayanai, shirye-shiryen ƙira, da sauransu. encyclopedia na dijital, ƙamus na dijital, da sauransu.
Kuna son ƙarin sani game da software na aikace-aikacen? Bayan haka, muna gayyatar ku don ganin gabatarwar da ke gaba wanda a ciki za ku gano cikakkun bayanai game da wannan kayan aikin.
Ta wannan hanyar za mu kai ƙarshen wannan labarin inda aka amsa tambayar game da menene PC, muna tambayar ku don raba abubuwan da ke cikinsa tare da sauran masu karatu masu sha'awar batun.
Hakazalika, mun sanya muku wasu rubuce-rubucen da za ku iya koya game da abubuwa daban-daban da suka shafi fasaha. Danna wadannan hanyoyin:
Mafi kyau Shirin Kyauta ko App don Ɗaukar Hotuna
Mafi kyawun kayan aiki ko Shirin Fasa kalmar wucewa
san da Zazzabi Mai sarrafawa kuma yadda ake zazzage shi?
bambance-bambance, Halaye da Nau'in Littafin Rubutu
Ta yaya za Zazzage ƙarin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar RAM da App?