Kun saniMenene samfurin 3D? A cikin wannan labarin za ku koya game da tarihi, aiki da muhimman halaye na wannan ci gaban fasaha, kamar ƙirar 3D; gano duk abin da wannan fasahar dijital ke ba mu.
Menene samfurin 3D?
Tsarin aiwatar da wakilcin fasaha ne na kowane abu mai girma uku (maras rai ko mai rai) ta hanyar shirin fasaha. Wannan shine abin da muke kira ƙirar 3D, ana iya bi da shi azaman hoto mai girma biyu ta hanyar tsarin da ake kira fassarar 3D, ko amfani da shi a kwaikwayon kwamfuta na abubuwan mamaki na zahiri, samfurin kuma ana iya ƙirƙirar sa ta jiki ta amfani da kayan bugawa na 3D.
Za'a iya samar da waɗannan sifofin da hannu kuma ci gaban halitta yayi kama da na yin sassaƙaƙƙu (a cikin duniyar dijital), ko ana iya samar da su ta atomatik ta amfani da na'urar daukar hoto ta 3D.
Samfura
Adadi na wannan nau'in yana amfani da jerin maki a cikin sararin 3D don aiwatar da ƙa'idar da ke da girma uku, kuma bi da bi an haɗa su da wasu ɓangarorin geometric (kamar alwatika, layi, saman, da sauransu.). A matsayin tarin bayanai (maki da sauran bayanai), ana iya yin samfuran 3D da hannu, ta amfani da algorithms ko dubawa.
da Misalan 3d ana amfani da su sosai a cikin zane -zanen 3D. Lallai, amfani da bayanansu na farko ya bazu zuwa amfani da zane -zanen 3D akan kwamfutoci, kafin kwamfutoci su iya yin aiki a cikin ainihin lokaci, wasu wasannin bidiyo da aka yi amfani da su a baya sun sanya hotunan waɗannan matrices a matsayin sprites.
A halin yanzu, samfuran 3D a halin yanzu ana amfani da su a fannoni daban -daban. Masana'antar likitanci tana amfani da cikakkun samfuran gabobin jiki; Ana iya amfani da sassa daban-daban na hoton 2-D daga MRI ko CT scan don ƙirƙirar wannan hoton, masana'antar fim tana ɗaukar su azaman haruffa da abubuwa a cikin fina-finai masu rai ko na gaske.
Sashen kimiyya suna amfani da su azaman cikakkun samfuran abun da ke cikin sinadarai. Masana'antar gini tana ɗaukar su don nuna shawarwari game da gine -gine da shimfidar wurare ta hanyar ƙirar ƙirar software.
Al'umman injiniya suna amfani da shi don tsara sabbin kayan tarihi, motoci da sifofi, da masu jigilar jiragen sama don wasu dalilai. A cikin shekarun da suka gabata, ƙungiyar kimiyyar ƙasa ta fara kafa samfuran ƙasa na 3D azaman daidaitaccen aiki, Misalan 3d Hakanan zasu iya zama tushen kayan aikin jiki da aka gina tare da firinta na 3D ko injin CNC.
Wakilci
Lokacin da muke magana game da waɗannan sifofin 3 D, muna kuma magana game da rukuni anan 2 na waɗannan:
Ƙungiyoyi:
Waɗannan samfuran suna ayyana ƙarar abubuwa (kamar duwatsu) da suke wakilta, sun fi dacewa, amma sun fi wahalar ginawa, ƙirar jiki galibi ana amfani da ita don kwaikwayon da ba na gani ba, kamar magani da injiniya. Ana amfani dashi don CAD da aikace -aikacen hangen nesa na musamman, kamar; Binciken hoto mai hoto, bin diddigin raye -raye, da kuma ginin geometry mai ƙarfi.
Shell ko shaci:
Waɗannan samfuran suna wakiltar farfajiya, kamar ƙirar abu, maimakon ƙarar sa (kamar harsashi mara iyaka). Sun fi sauƙin amfani fiye da samfuran jiki kuma kusan duk samfuran gani da aka yi amfani da su a cikin wasanni da fina -finai samfuran kariya ne.
Bayyanar jiki ta fi ƙaddara ta hanyar tsarin sa, wanda gabaɗaya yana wakiltar iyakoki a cikin ƙirar kwamfuta; don jikin da aka yi amfani da su a cikin zane-zane, farfajiya mai girma biyu kyakkyawan kwatanci ne, kodayake waɗannan jikin gaba ɗaya ba su da yawa.
Tunda saman ba a iyakancewa ba, ana buƙatar hanyar dijital mai hankali: raunin polygonal (zuwa ƙaramin matakin raba ƙasa), shine mafi yawan wakilci, kodayake wakilcin tushen ya zama sananne a cikin 'yan shekarun nan. Tsarin matakan sune wakilai masu amfani na lanƙwasa saman da ke fuskantar nau'ikan canje -canje (kamar ruwa).
Yarjejeniyar don canza wakilcin abu (alal misali, tsakiyar tsakiyar haɗin keɓaɓɓen yanki a cikin wakilcin sararin samaniya da ma'ana akan da'irar polygon) ana kiranta tessellation. Yi amfani da wannan matakin akan polygons da aka fassara, inda aka ware abu daga wakilci ("asali") (misali, Sphere, mazugi, da sauransu). Ana kiran su "grids" kuma cibiyar sadarwa ce ta alwatika masu haɗin kai.
Meshes masu kusurwa uku (maimakon murabba'i) sun shahara saboda sun tabbatar da sauƙin amfani da su don yin layin bincike. Ba duk fasahohin bayarwa suna amfani da fassarar polygon ba, kuma a wannan yanayin, ba a haɗa matakin tessellation a cikin sauyawa daga wakilci na zahiri zuwa yanayin da aka sanya.
Tsarin tsari
Akwai hanyoyi 3 don yin tallan kayan kawa:
Modeling na Polygon - Haɗa maki (da ake kira vertices) a cikin sararin 3D don ƙirƙirar raga na polygon. A yau, mafi yawan Misalan 3d An gina su da samfuran rubutun polygonal saboda suna da sassauƙa kuma komfutoci na iya yin su da sauri, duk da haka polygons ɗin lebur ne kuma ana iya amfani da polygons da yawa kawai don kimanta saman mai lanƙwasa.
Tsarin ƙirar lanƙwasa: An bayyana farfajiyar ta hanyar siosity kuma nauyin tasirin wuraren sarrafawa yana shafar wannan. Haɗin kai ya biyo baya (amma ba lallai ne ya haɗa) waɗannan abubuwan ba. Ƙara nauyin ma'auni zai kawo kusanciity kusa da wancan. Nau'o'in haruffan sun haɗa da B-spline mara ma'ana (NURBS), maɓallan maɓalli, faci, da abubuwan ƙirar geometric.
Wani wakilcin zamani na ƙirar teapot ɗin Utah mai ƙyalli da Martin Newell (1975) ya haɓaka. Teapot na Utah yana ɗaya daga cikin samfuran da aka fi amfani da su a cikin ilimin zane -zane, menene Misalan 3d, Hoto na Dijital: Duk da cewa sassaƙaƙƙen dijital na 3D har yanzu sabon salo ne na ƙira, ya shahara sosai a shekarun da ya wanzu.
A halin yanzu, akwai nau'ikan zane -zanen dijital 3: ƙaura, wanda aka fi amfani da shi a aikace -aikacen dijital. A halin yanzu, "ƙarar da mosaic na dijital", "Rolling" yana amfani da samfura masu yawa (wani lokacin ana samar da polygons daga ɓangarorin da aka rarrabasu), kuma yana adana matsayi don ganin matsayin kusurwoyin ta taswirar 32-bit wanda ke adana madaidaitan matsayi.
Ƙarar da aka sassaƙa a kan Voxel tana da irin wannan aikin don ramawa, amma lokacin da babu isasshen polygons a yankin don cimma nakasa, polygons da aka tilasta ba zai shafa ba. Dynamic tessellation yayi kama da Voxel, amma yana amfani da triangulation don raba farfajiya don kula da shimfidar wuri mai santsi kuma ba da damar cikakkun bayanai.
Waɗannan tsarin suna sauƙaƙa ƙarin bincike na fasaha, saboda ya zama dole ba kawai don ƙera siffar da cikakkun bayanan samfurin ba, har ma don ƙirƙirar sabon yanayin topology don ƙirar. Idan aka yi amfani da shi a injin injin, sabon raga gabaɗaya yana juyar da asalin babban ƙudurin bayanai zuwa bayanan kashewa ko bayanan taswirar al'ada.
Akwai dabarun yin samfuri da yawa, gami da:
- m geometry mai gina jiki.
- filayen a fakaice.
- shimfidar ƙasa.
Za a iya yin samfura ta hanyar takamaiman shirye -shirye (misali Cinema 4D, Fom • Z, Maya, 3DS Max, Blender, Lightwave, Modo, solidThinking) ko kayan aikin aikace -aikacen (injin ƙera 3D Max, Lofter). Harshen bayanin yanayin (kamar POV-Ray); A wasu lokuta, babu wani bambanci mai tsauri tsakanin waɗannan matakai; a wannan yanayin, yin samfuri wani ɓangare ne na tsarin ƙirƙirar yanayin (alal misali, wannan shine lamarin Caligari trueSpace da Realsoft 3D).
An ƙera kayan hadaddun (kamar iskar guguwa, gizagizai, da aerosols na ruwa) ta amfani da tsarin barbashi kuma sune daidaitattun taro na 3D, inda aka sanya musu maki, polygons, makirce -makirce na rarrabuwa, ko sprites.
Kwatantawa da hanyoyin 2D
Ana samun tasirin 3D na gaske ba tare da ƙirar ƙirar waya ba kuma wani lokacin ba za a iya rarrabe su a sifar ƙarshe ba. Wasu shirye -shiryen zane mai hoto sun haɗa da matattara waɗanda za a iya amfani da su ga zane -zanen vector na 2D ko zane -zanen raster 2D akan madaidaicin fili.
Idan aka kwatanta da amfani da hanyoyin 2D kawai, fa'idodin ƙirar ƙirar waya ta 3D sun haɗa da:
- Sassauci, kuna iya gabatar da kusassun kusurwoyi ko hotuna masu rai da sauri.
- Mai sauƙin bayarwa, lissafin atomatik da bayarwa tare da tasirin gaske, babu buƙatar gani ko kimantawa.
- Tsarin photorealism daidai, yana rage yuwuwar rashin daidaituwa saboda kuskuren ɗan adam, ƙari, ko mantawa ya haɗa da tasirin gani.
Inganta ɗaya da ɗayan tare, dangane da lokaci, akwai masu fasaha waɗanda ke da haɗin wannan nau'in a cikin 3D sannan kuma suna nazarin hotunan kwamfutocin da aka bayar a cikin 2D dangane da ƙirar 3D.
Kasuwar samfurin 3D
Ko ana amfani da shi don ƙirar guda ɗaya ko babban tarin, samfuran 3D da abubuwan da ke da alaƙa kamar laushi, rubutun, har yanzu suna da babbar alfarma. Shagunan kan layi don abun ciki na 3D suna ba da damar masu fasaha daban -daban su sayar da abun da suka ƙirƙiri, yawanci burin mai zane shine samun ƙarin ƙima don kadarorin da suka kirkira a baya don aikin.
Ta wannan hanyar, masu fasaha za su iya samun ƙarin kuɗi daga tsohon abun cikin su kuma kamfanoni na iya adana kuɗi ta hanyar siyan samfuran da aka riga aka yi maimakon biyan kuɗi don ƙirƙirar samfura daga karce. Waɗannan kasuwanni galibi suna raba ribar da suke samu tsakanin su da masu fasaha waɗanda ke ƙirƙirar kaya, kuma masu fasaha suna sarrafa samun tsakanin 40% zuwa 95% na tallace -tallace, gwargwadon kasuwa.
A mafi yawan lokuta, masu fasaha suna riƙe ikon mallakar 3d model; abokin ciniki kawai ya sayi haƙƙin amfani kuma yana nuna ƙirar. Wasu masu fasaha suna siyar da samfuran su kai tsaye a farashi mai rahusa a cikin shagunan su ba tare da amfani da masu shiga tsakani ba.
A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, kasuwanni da yawa na musamman don samfuran bugu na 3D sun fito, wasu kasuwannin bugun 3D haɗuwa ne na samfuran rukunin musayar, tare da ko ba tare da ginanniyar damar kasuwancin e-commerce ba.
Akwai wasu shirye -shirye waɗanda kamar haka suke ba da waɗannan nau'ikan ayyukan buga hoto na XNUMXD, kuma waɗannan shahararrun shirye -shiryen raba fayil ne.
3D bugu
Wannan nau'in bugun XNUMXD hanya ce ta haɓaka ƙirar ƙira wanda aka ƙera abubuwa masu girma uku daga yadudduka na kayan.
A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, adadin kamfanonin da ke ba da samfuran abubuwan buga 3D na al'ada sun ƙaru, an bincika waɗannan abubuwan, an sanya su cikin girma uku akan shirin kwamfuta sannan an buga su gwargwadon buƙatun abokin ciniki.
Kamar yadda aka ambata a sama, ana iya siyan samfurin 3D daga kasuwa ta kan layi sannan mutum ko kasuwanci ya buga shi ta amfani da firintar 3D da ke cikin kasuwanci, ta yadda za a iya samar da sassan, har ma da kayan aiki a gida.
Samfuran mutane
Aikace -aikacen kasuwanci na farko da aka samu na samfuran kama -da -wane na ɗan adam ya bayyana akan gidan yanar gizon Lands'End a 1998. My Virtual Mode Inc ne ya ƙirƙiri mannequin mai kama -da -wane, wanda ke ba masu amfani damar ƙirƙirar samfuran kansu da gwada suturar 3D, akwai shirye -shirye da yawa na zamani na'urorin da za a iya amfani da su don ƙirƙirar samfuran mutane na kama -da -wane.
Yana amfani
Ana amfani da ƙirar ƙirar 3D a masana'antu daban -daban, kamar fim, rayarwa da wasanni, ƙirar ciki, da gine -gine. Hakanan ana amfani da su a masana'antar likitanci don wakiltar tsarin jikin mutum ta hanyar mu'amala, ana amfani da software iri -iri da yawa kafin a zahiri kera wakilcin dijital na ƙirar injin ko sashi; CAD / CAM software ce da ake amfani da ita a cikin irin wannan filayen, tare da wannan software ba za ku iya gina sassa kawai ba, har ma ku haɗa sassan kuma ku lura da ayyukansu.
Dabarun yin tallan 3D
Akwai dabaru da yawa don yin aiki irin wannan ƙirar ƙirar, yana iya zama ɗan wahala, amma yin amfani da dabaru da yawa zai sauƙaƙa wannan aikin kuma ya fi tasiri, saboda haka, muna bayyana waɗanda aka fi amfani da su a cikin wannan duniyar mai ban mamaki na 3d yin tallan kayan kawa:
Gyaran fuska
Tsarin ƙirar gefen hanya wata hanya ce ta polygonal don ƙirƙirar kadarorin 3D. Ya dogara ne akan yin tsari na farko wanda aka ɗora shi da madaukai daban don cike ko rage gibin da ke tsakanin fasalulluka daban -daban na ƙirar, wannan hanyar tana da fa'ida sosai yayin ƙirar fuskokin mutane saboda ya fi dacewa fiye da ƙirƙirar jigon ido. daga wani abu mai polygon da cika kashi daga ciki, kuma yana ba ku damar ƙirƙirar babban ɗakin karatu na sassa, kamar idanu, kunnuwa, da leɓe.
Fasahar dijital
Wannan sabuwar fasaha ce, duk da haka ita ce ta farko da za a yi la'akari da kadarorin gaske. Wannan hanyar tana kwaikwayon aiwatar da ƙirƙirar sassaƙaƙƙen jiki, amma tana da jerin kayan aikin dijital, samfuran software da yawa (Blender, Zbrush) suna taimakawa bugun abubuwa ta hanyar da ta dace, yana ba da damar ƙirƙirar kadarori tare da geometries. dauke da miliyoyin polygons.
Ma'aikatan jinya
NURBS Basis ɗin da bai dace ba shine tsohuwar ƙirar lissafi, galibi ana amfani da ita lokacin da masu ƙirar ke buƙatar ƙirƙirar farfajiya ta hanya mai sauƙi, ragin NURBS bai dace da ayyukan ƙirar gabaɗaya kamar gefuna ba: a maimakon haka yana dogaro da gefen 3D don fitar da lanƙwasa wuraren sarrafawa na musamman don samar da saman. An ƙaddara yankin ta wurin sarari tsakanin wuraren sarrafawa da matakin da aka zaɓa na lanƙwasa, wannan tsarin hanya ce mai inganci da sauri don yin zane da abubuwa masu haske a cikin 3D.
Shirye -shiryen yin ƙirar 3D
Akwai adadi mai yawa na shirye -shirye don yin tallan kayan kawa, za mu ambaci wasu muhimman:
karkanda
Irin wannan shirin tasirin 3D ya dogara ne akan wani shirin, kuma shine ƙirar komfuta, Robert McNel da kamfani ne suka ƙirƙira shi, ya dogara akan ƙarawar Autodesk don AutoCAD. Waɗannan aikace -aikacen galibi ana amfani da su a ƙirar masana'antu, gine -gine, kamfanonin ƙirar jiragen ruwa, aikace -aikacen dijital da yawa na sabon zamani, waɗanda suke da sauri.
Fusion 360
Ana amfani da wannan aikace -aikacen don ƙirar injiniya ko fasaha, yana da ikon yin rikodin siffofin fasaha a cikin girma uku, kodayake yana da iyaka. Shiri ne na kasuwanci sosai, don haka ana iya amfani da shi a cikin gajimare da wayar salula, ta irin wannan hanyar, idan ba ku da haɗin intanet, kuna iya amfani da shi ba tare da shi ba a cikin aikin ku.
blender
Yana da aikace -aikacen kwamfuta mai yawa da ake amfani da shi akan wannan nau'in zane, haske, fassarar, rayarwa da ƙirƙirar zane na 3D. Mafi kyawun kayan aikin da wannan aikace -aikacen ke da shi shine hanyar yin zane, tunda yana da sauƙin fahimtar aikin aiki. Idan kuna son aikace -aikacen 3D sosai don ƙirƙirar kadarori, zaɓi ne mai kyau.
Don haka wannan aikace -aikacen yana da duk abubuwan da ake buƙata waɗanda zaku iya samu a cikin kowane tsarin ƙirar.
Da farko an rarraba wannan shirin kyauta, amma a wancan lokacin babu lambar tushe kuma littattafan sun riga sun sami siyarwa. Sannan daga baya ya zama software.
Hakanan zaka iya karanta labarin mai ban sha'awa na: Mafi kyawun gilashin VR .
