La tarihin kwamfuta Ya fara shekaru da yawa da suka gabata inda aka bunƙasa abubuwa daban -daban tare da fasahar da ake buƙata don samun kwamfutocin da ake da su a yau.
Fara ƙirƙirar kwamfuta
Tarihin kwamfuta
Kwamfutoci sun kasance masu ƙira tun lokacin da aka ƙirƙira su, fasaha ta bunƙasa sosai, wanda ya ba da damar haɓaka na'urori daban -daban da kayan aiki tare da ayyuka daban -daban. Waɗannan injinan suna da ikon yin adadi mai yawa da ayyukan kwamfuta, suma suna da tsarin sarrafa kansa don yin ayyuka da ayyuka na dijital.
Tare da waɗannan injinan, an hanzarta ayyukan masana'antu da kasuwanci a cikin al'umma, saboda ayyukan na iya gabatar da mafi girman inganci kuma cikin kankanin lokaci, don haka yana sauƙaƙe ƙirƙirar nau'ikan na'urori da yawa. Ta wannan hanyar, ana sauƙaƙe musayar bayanai da bayanai, yana ba da damar ci gaba a cikin fasaha, cimma lissafin rikitarwa.
Tarihin kwamfutar ya ginu ne akan son kafa tsari ko ƙungiya mai ikon yin lissafi da matakai daban -daban waɗanda ke da wahalar yi da hannu, tunda ta nemi rage asarar albarkatu da yin mafi kyawun aiki na na'urorin da aka sanya alamar juyawa a juyin juyin kimiyyar kwamfuta.
Lokacin da muke magana game da tarihin sarrafa kwamfuta, kirkirar kwamfutoci a koda yaushe ta yi fice, don haka ya zama dole a san abubuwan da suka haifar da kirkirar waɗannan injina, da kuma tasirin da waɗannan na’urorin suka yi a lokacin; saukin yin lissafi yana da matukar muhimmanci a wancan lokacin inda kwararru da yawa suka ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban fasaha.
Idan kuna son fahimta game da lambobi waɗanda ake sarrafawa a cikin kwamfutoci, to ana gayyatar ku don karanta labarin ta Mene ne kadan, inda suke bayyana abin da suka ƙunsa da kuma ɗimbin ƙarfin da wannan sashin ajiyar ke da shi.
Bayani
Tarihin kwamfutar yana da abubuwan da suka gabata inda ƙirƙirar waɗannan ƙungiyoyin suka fara aiwatar da nau'ikan lissafi daban -daban ta hanyar umarni da dabaru na musamman; Akwai bayanan manyan injina don aiwatar da waɗannan ayyukan lissafi da lissafi, waɗanda ke da rikitarwa ga mutane don haka suna gabatar da matsaloli idan ba a yi amfani da waɗannan kayan aikin ba.
An fara samo shi ne a shekara ta 1642 inda aka ƙera injin Pascal, wanda kuma aka sani da Pascalina, ƙirƙira ce ta Blaise Pascal don yin waɗannan ayyukan rikitarwa da na dogon lokaci, duk da cewa ya ɗauki lokaci mai tsawo kafin a yi shi. lissafi Ya fi sauri da inganci sosai idan aka kwatanta da ɗan adam, tunda an guji matsaloli da yawa tare da kurakurai wajen haɓaka ayyukan da suka shafi lissafi.
A cikin 1671 a lokacin ne Gottfried Leibinitz ya ƙirƙiri kalkuleta ta amfani da injin pascal a matsayin tushen ci gabansa ta ƙungiyoyin da za su iya yin lissafin da ake buƙata, wannan ƙirar ta haɓaka haɓakar ƙwararru a fannin masu ilimin lissafi har ila yau. kamar a fagen kwamfuta, saboda wannan dalili shine muhimmin batu a tarihin kwamfutar.
Gears na injin Blaise ya ba da damar aiwatar da jerin ayyukan lissafi, wanda zai iya zama da wahala a yi akan takarda, tare da ci gaban da Gottfried Leibinitz ya aiwatar ya ba wa ƙungiyar damar samun damar yin ƙarin lissafi da ayyukan Ta haka ne, an sami sakamako a cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci, don haka yana sauƙaƙe ayyukan lissafi da ayyuka.
A cikin 1802 an yi rikodin ƙirƙirar tsarin katunan bugun da Joseph Marie Jacquard ya yi, don haka ci gaban haɓaka injin don aiwatar da nau'ikan lissafin lissafi daban -daban da ƙididdiga na musamman; Koyaya, ba sai bayan shekaru ashirin ne ƙungiyar da ta ƙware a ƙididdige bambanci ta yi amfani da waɗannan katunan.
An umurci Charles Babbage ya yi amfani da katunan da aka buga don ƙera injin ƙira daban -daban a cikin 1822 don a iya amfani da tsarin atomatik da ke cikin kayan mashin, yana ƙaruwa da inganci a cikin sakamakon ayyukan lissafi da lissafin da aka shiga, don haka ya hanzarta lissafin. da ake buƙata don ayyuka daban -daban.
A cikin tarihin kwamfuta, ya yi fice yadda ci gaban fasaha da sabbin abubuwa a cikin ƙirar injin suka kasance tushen haɓaka kayan aikin da aka sani a yau. Daga cikin su, injin da Babbage ya kirkira a cikin 1834 ya fice, wato shekaru 12 bayan gabatar da injin ƙididdigewa daban -daban, ya yi amfani da kaddarorin wannan kayan don haɓaka ayyukan da za a iya aiwatarwa a cikin injin.
Tare da wannan ƙira, injin da aka ƙera zai iya yin ayyukan bincike, yana sarrafa har zuwa ayyukan lissafi guda huɗu, waɗanda a wancan lokacin adadi ne mai yawa. Hakanan, ya ba da damar adana lambobi sama da 1000 don haka yana da babban ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya wanda ke ba da tasiri a fagen sarrafa kwamfuta a cikin waɗannan shekarun don ba da farawa a cikin ƙirƙirar kwamfutoci.
Ƙaddamar da Kwamfuta
Tarihin kwamfutar ya dogara ne da ƙwararrun mutane da yawa waɗanda suka ba da gudummawa ga haɓaka tsarin da fasaha waɗanda aka haɗa cikin ƙungiyar don haɓaka haɓakawa da inganci a cikin aiwatar da lissafi, don haka sakamakon ya taimaka ga juyin masana'antu da kamfanoni don ƙirƙirar na'urori da samfura.
An dauki Babbage a matsayin uban kwamfuta saboda sabbin abubuwa a cikin ƙirar injin bincike wanda shine juyi a duniyar kwamfuta. Alan Turing kuma yayi fice, wanda shine ya kafa injina na duniya wanda ke da ikon aiwatar da ayyuka da lissafin komai, wanda shine dalilin da yasa aka tsawaita aikin waɗannan kayan aikin.
A cikin 1943 wani lokaci ne mai mahimmanci ga tarihin kwamfutar inda furofesoshi daga Jami'ar Pennsylvania suka ƙirƙiri ENIAC, wanda shine injin ƙididdige lambobi na lantarki, sun ƙunshi sama da manyan bututun injin 18000, don haka yakamata a yi la’akari da shi . babban ɗaki don haɗa dukkan abubuwan da ke aiwatar da aikin lissafin lissafi da lissafi.
Ana ɗaukar wannan injin ɗin kakannin kwamfutoci ne, saboda shi ne matakin farko na ƙira kwamfutoci, ta yadda mutane suka fahimci yuwuwar waɗannan kayan aikin na iya ba masana'antu ayyukan da suka dace don haɓaka abubuwan da suke samarwa tare da sakamako. cewa yankin IT an kawo sauyi amma a lokaci guda yankin kasuwanci yana ci gaba.
Ƙirƙirar transistors
A cikin 1947 a lokacin ne aka gayyaci transistors, wanda ya ba da damar haɓaka kwamfutoci, waɗannan na'urori sun ƙunshi maɓallan wutar lantarki da aka yi amfani da su don kera microchips waɗanda suka kafa tushen juyin halittar kayan lantarki da kayan aikin da waɗannan ƙananan, manyan- kwakwalwan kwamfuta mai iya aiki wanda ya ba da babban aiki da aiki a cikin tsarin.
An yi transistors ɗin da kayan aiki masu ƙarfi kuma ba su gabatar da komai a cikin kundin tsarin mulkin su ba, an ƙirƙira ƙirarsu a cikin Amurka, musamman a dakunan gwaje -gwaje na Bell waɗanda suka ba waɗannan na’urorin na asali don kayan lantarki da injinan da aka haɗa da madaidaiciyar da'irori. tare da transistors waɗanda ke ba da izinin zagayawa na yanzu don aiki da aiki yadda yakamata.
A cikin 1958 an haɓaka juyin halittar transistors saboda aikin da Robert Noyce da Jack Kilby suka yi wanda ya gano yuwuwar transistors a cikin na'urorin lantarki, ta yadda aka inganta samar da kayan aikin da ke kunshe da da'irori don hanzarta aiki, saboda wannan Kilby ya sami lambar yabo ta Nobel a cikin 2000 don wannan binciken.
Idan kuna son sanin yadda ake sanya kalmar sirri don ƙara sirrin bayanan ku, to ana ba da shawarar karanta labarin Kalmar wucewa ta kwamfuta, inda aka yi bayanin yadda ya kamata a gudanar da shi da ire -irensa.
Kwamfuta na farko
A cikin tarihin kwamfutar dole ne a haɗa ta da Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu saboda a cikin wannan taron an ƙirƙiri injunan ƙididdigar dabaru na farko don shiga tsakani a cikin watsawar abokan gaba. Kwamfutar Jamusanci ita ce ta fara fitowa wacce aka fi sani da Z3 yayin da a shekarar 1944 Jami'ar Harvard ta tsara Mark I a matsayin na’urar kwamfuta.
Babban halayensa shine saurin da lissafin ya sarrafa da kuma amfani da aka basu, tunda suna tallafawa aiki akai -akai a wancan lokacin. Kwamfutar da Harvard ya ƙera tare da IBM tana da manyan ma'aunai waɗanda suka ƙunshi tsayin mita 15 tare da tsayin mita 2,5; an yi shi da jakar bakin karfe don tsayayya da mawuyacin yanayi kuma an kuma saka shi cikin akwati na gilashi.
Ta wannan hanyar yana yiwuwa a lura da yadda ta aiwatar da injininta yayin warware lissafin da aka nema, godiya ga ƙirƙira transistors wannan injin yana da juyawa sama da 400 a ciki don a kiyaye shi da waɗannan na'urori, an yi shi na Sama da guda 700000, waɗanda ke buƙatar manyan igiyoyi da suka kai kilomita 800, wannan kayan aikin ya sami damar yin aiki tsawon shekaru 16.
Wannan kwamfutar ta dogara ne akan tsarin binary, ta yadda ta ba da damar ingantaccen aikinta kuma tare da ingantaccen sakamako; A cikin 1951 an ƙera kwamfuta ta farko a yankin kasuwanci da aka sani da Ferranti Mark 1, a cikin wannan shekarar ne kwamfutoci suka yi tasiri a duniya saboda ana iya samun wannan injin a cikin al'umma.
Da wannan, an sauƙaƙe karatun kalmomin ta hanyar kwamfutar da ta yi musu rajista a cikin ƙwaƙwalwar ta, ta wannan hanyar ta ba da gudummawa ga kamfanin IBM don samar da waɗannan kayan don siyan masana'antu, yana tasiri matakin kasuwanci da tattalin arziƙi, Domin kamfanoni za su iya dogaro da waɗannan kwamfutoci don taimakawa tare da samarwa da ayyukansu.
Haka kuma, an haifi harshen shirye -shirye don ƙirƙirar software, wanda ke tafiyar da wasu ci gaban kwamfuta da fannin kimiyya; nasarar wadannan injina ya taimaka wajen inganta samfuran kwamfuta daban -daban, sannan akwai kirkirar abubuwan komfuta na biyu kamar su linzamin kwamfuta, allon fuska, faifan diski, da sauransu.
Bayan haka, an kafa cibiyoyin sadarwar kwamfuta na farko a cikin 1968 ta ARPANET don amfani dashi azaman hanyar musayar bayanai. An ƙera intanet ɗin a cikin shekara ta 1990 ta hanyar jama'a, wanda ya haifar da juyin halitta da muka sani a yau, tunda yana sauƙaƙe canja wurin bayanai kamar haɓaka kwamfutoci a ƙarni na XNUMX.
