Shin kun taɓa yin mamaki wanda shi ne mai shirye -shirye na farko na tarihi? Kasancewa duniya inda masu fafutuka maza ne, amsar wannan tambayar na iya zama abin mamaki.
Augusta Ada Byron Lovelace shine farkon mai shirin kwamfuta a tarihi.
Wanene farkon mai shirye -shirye?
Gabaɗaya, za mu iya cewa mun saba da karanta labarai masu ban sha'awa game da manyan mutane waɗanda suka yi fice a duniyar kwamfuta. Koyaya, lokacin da muke tambayar kanmu wanda shi ne mai shirye -shirye na farko, amsar ta cika mu da mamaki har ma da gamsuwa.
Don haka ba tare da bata lokaci ba, za mu gaya muku wanda shi ne mai shirye -shirye na farko, kodayake zai fi kyau a yi magana da shi a cikin jinsi na mata. Kuma shine farkon mai shirye -shiryen kowane lokaci shine mace, wacce ake kira: Augusta Ada Byron Lovelace.
Tarihin Ada Lovelace -Wanene farkon mai shirye -shirye?
Augusta Ada Byron, wanda daga baya aka sani da Ada Lovelace, an haife ta a London a cikin 1815. Wannan mace mai mutunci ita ce kawai halattacciyar 'yar mawaƙin Ubangiji George Gordon Byron da Baroness Anne Isabella Byron. Don haka wannan yana ba da amsar wanda ya kasance mai shirye -shirye na farko.
Yara
Koyaya, saboda matsaloli tsakanin ma'auratan, Lord Byron ya bar gida lokacin da Ada ke da kusan wata guda. Ta wannan hanyar, shekarun farko na ƙuruciyarta sun shuɗe ba tare da ta sadu da mahaifinta ba.
A gefe guda kuma, son Baroness Byron na cewa yarinyar ba ta haɓaka halayen da ke tunatar da mahaifinta ba, ya sa Ada ta bi sawun mahaifiyarta. Dangane da wannan, zamu iya cewa Baroness Anne Isabella Byron ta sadaukar da rayuwarta ga lissafi, haka kuma ta kasance mai gwagwarmayar siyasa da zamantakewa.
Ada Lovelace da Mary Somerville
Bugu da ƙari, matsayin zamantakewar da Ada Lovelace ta yi girma ya sa ta kasance tana hulɗa da mutane masu tasiri na lokacin, waɗanda ke da matukar mahimmanci a cikin tsarin karatun ta. Ta wannan hanyar, Ada ta sadu da masanin kimiyya Mary Somerville, wanda cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci ya zama mai koyar da ita; bugu da kari, ta wakilci wani abin motsawa na gaske a cikin farkawa ta ilimi-ilimi na Lovelace.
Ada Lovelace da Charles Babbage
A gefe guda, ɗanɗano farkon ilimin lissafi ya sa Lovelace ta haɗu da Charles Babbage, yana jin sha'awa ta musamman a injin binciken da shi da kansa ya ƙera. Koyaya, wannan ba ita ce kawai Ada Lovelace ta damu da ita ba, saboda ita ma ta ɓata lokaci tana nazarin yuwuwar alaƙar da ke tsakanin al'umma, daidaikun mutane da fasaha.
Ada Lovelace da Ubangiji William King
Jim kaɗan bayan haka, lokacin da Ada ke da shekaru 19, ta auri Lord William King, wanda daga cikin ƙungiyar sa aka haifi yara uku. Dangane da wannan, wannan hali ne mai tasiri na lokacin, galibi a fagen siyasa, zamantakewa, ilimi da addini, wanda mahaifiyar Ada ta yarda da ita don ya aure ta.
Daga baya, ta gaji da dangantakar aurenta, Ada ta sake samun mafaka a cikin lissafi, wannan lokacin a hannun Augustus de Morgan. Koyaya, a cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci, buƙatun ilimi na ɗalibinsa ya mamaye shi, ganin cewa tunaninsa bai dace da na mace ba.
Dangane da haka, duka Ada da mijinta sun yi watsi da sanyin sanyin lissafi, kuma ta ci gaba da karatunta a yankin. A lokaci guda tana soyayya da wasu maza a waje da aurenta, wanda ba a sani ba idan ya isa kunnen Ubangiji King, sannan Earl na Lovelace.
Shekaru bayan haka, lokacin da Ada ke da shekaru 36, ta fara jin alamun tashin hankali da gajiya gaba ɗaya, ba da daɗewa ba ta kamu da cutar sankarar mahaifa. A wannan lokacin ne, bisa shawarar mahaifiyarsa, Lovelace ta karɓi ra'ayoyin addini, har ta kai ga yin nadamar wasu abubuwan da suka faru a rayuwarsa, wanda, a lokacin, ya bayyana a matsayin abin duniya.
Mutuwa
A ƙarshe, Augusta Ada Byron Lovelace, ta mutu a watan Nuwamba 1852, tare da mahaifiyarta da mijinta. Koyaya, har ma a yau, gadonsa yana nan a duniyar fasaha da sarrafa kwamfuta.
Bugu da ƙari, ina gayyatar ku don kallon bidiyo mai zuwa, wanda a ciki zaku sami taƙaitaccen bayani game da Ada Lovelace da farkon algorithm na shirye -shirye.
Menene ainihin gudummawar Ada Lovelace ga shirye -shirye?
Kamar yadda muka riga muka amsa, tambayar da ta kasance mai fara shirye -shirye ita ce Ada Lovelace, wacce mahaifiyarta ta yi tasiri, ta nuna sha’awa ta musamman a fannin lissafi tun tana ƙarami. Ta wannan hanyar, lokacin da ya sadu da Charles Babbage, ya shagala da aikin da shi kansa yake haɓakawa: injin bincike ko banbanci.
Dangane da wannan, Lovelace abokin haɗin gwiwa ne na aikin abokinsa Babbage, har ma ya fassara labarin da shahararren masanin kimiyya Luigi Federico Menabrea, wanda yayi magana da injin bincike. Bugu da ƙari, Ada ta shirya jerin bayanan inda ta bayyana matsayinta a sarari game da aikin wannan na’urar.
A kan wannan batu na ƙarshe, Ada Lovelace ta ɗauki babban raɗaɗi don bayyana bayanan fasaha na injin bincike, amma ita ma ta nuna a cikin waɗannan bayanan mahimman ka'idodin sarrafa bayanai. Bugu da ƙari, a cikin bayanansa, ta amfani da abin da muka sani yanzu a matsayin Ada Algorithm, Lovelace ya bayyana dalla -dalla yadda ake yin katunan naushi, waɗanda ke da ikon ƙididdige lambobin Bernoulli.
Don ƙarin sani game da ma’anar algorithm, ina gayyatar ku don karanta labarin mu mai suna: ¿Menene algorithm a cikin shirye -shirye? Cikakkun bayanai!.
Ta wannan hanyar, Augusta Ada Byron Lovelace ta zama ba kawai mace ta farko da ta bayyana yaren shirye -shirye ba, amma kuma ana ɗaukar ta a matsayin mai shirye -shiryen kwamfuta na farko a tarihi. Bugu da ƙari, Lovelace ta kasance a gaba kuma ta ba da tabbacin cewa injin bincike zai zama abin ƙirƙira da zai iya yin duk abin da aka nemi hakan.
Muhimmancin tanadi
Gabaɗaya sharuddan, shirye -shirye shine wakilcin ilimi wanda ta hanyar mu muke samar da mafita ga wasu matsaloli. Dangane da wannan, don ƙarin fahimtar wannan ra'ayi, yana da mahimmanci a tuna yadda kwamfutar ke aiki.
A ka’ida, dole ne mu faɗi cewa kwamfutoci sun ƙunshi tsarin da ke iya sarrafa bayanai ta hanyar karɓar rukunin umarni. Ta wannan hanyar, muna kuma iya ambaton cewa waɗannan umarnin sun fito ne daga shirye -shirye, waɗanda aka rubuta ta amfani da yarukan shirye -shirye.
Bugu da ƙari, kwamfutar tana iya fahimtar algorithm wanda aka sanya a cikin yaren shirye -shirye, don daga baya ya amsa matsalar farko ta hanyar aiwatar da takamaiman ayyuka. Don haka, ana iya taƙaita ayyukan kwamfutar kamar: Ajiye, tsarawa, dawo da watsa bayanai cikin sauri, cikin aminci da daidai.
A ƙarshe, muna da cewa shirye -shiryen fasaha ne na kwatanta duniya ta hanyar yaren da kwamfuta ke fahimta. Bugu da ƙari, yana sauƙaƙa sadarwa tsakanin ɗan adam da injin, yana zama muhimmin ƙofar da ke ba da damar samun ilimi.
Idan kuna son ƙarin sani game da mahimmancin shirye -shirye, kuna iya karanta labarin mai taken: Shirye-shiryen kwamfuta: Ma'ana da misalai.
Tarihin harsunan shirye -shirye
Da farko, dole ne mu fayyace cewa niyyar mu ba ta zurfafa cikin batun yaren shirye -shirye ba, amma don nuna muku a taƙaice yadda juyin halittarsu ya kasance. Ta wannan hanyar, ya zama tilas a tuna cewa kwamfutocin farko sun karɓi umarni ne kawai cikin yaren da suka sani, wanda ake kira yaren inji.
Dangane da wannan, wannan harshe ne wanda ya dogara da lambar binary, wanda kuma ake buƙatar sanin ta hanyar ƙwaƙwalwar wuraren da aka adana bayanan. Dangane da wannan ɓangaren na ƙarshe, kamar yadda yake da sauƙin fahimta, ya zama gama gari yin ɗimbin kurakurai, wanda hakan ya sa yin aikin gyara yana da wahala.
Bugu da ƙari, da zarar buƙatun da suka shafi gudanar da bayanai suka ƙaru, ya zama tilas a ƙirƙiri madadin mafita. Don haka, an haifi wasu nau’ukan harsunan shirye -shirye, har sai sun rikide zuwa na waɗanda muka sani a yau.
A gefe guda kuma, yayin da fannin aikace -aikacen kwamfuta ke ƙaruwa kuma kwamfutoci suka mamaye wurare gama gari, harsunan shirye -shiryen da ake samun dama sun fito. Bugu da ƙari, waɗannan sun zama mafi sauƙi, sun fi dacewa da kulawa har ma da sauƙin koya.
Sauran mata a duniyar kwamfuta
Kodayake gaskiya ne a duk tarihin fasaha an fi samun maza fiye da mata, amma ba za mu yi kasa a gwiwa ba wajen ambaton wasu daga cikinsu waɗanda suka wakilce mu sosai. Ta wannan hanyar, a ƙasa za mu ambaci wasu sunaye da suka danganci kwamfuta, ba tare da wannan ma'anar cewa babu sauran matan da ke da isasshen cancantar kasancewa a wannan ƙaramin jerin.
Grace murray hopper
Ga Grace Murray Hopper, masanin kimiyyar soja, muna bin ci gaban mai tarawa na farko don harsunan shirye -shirye. Bugu da ƙari, ya sami ci gaba mai mahimmanci dangane da yarukan shirye -shirye masu zaman kansu.
Dangane da wannan, godiya ga wannan shahararriyar mace da aka haifa a Amurka a 1906, mun san yau abin da ake kira yaren COBOL.
Hedwing Eva Maria Kiesler.
Hedy Lamari
Hedwing Eva María Kiesler, wacce aka fi sani da Hedy Lamarr, wataƙila ana iya tunawa da ingancinta a matsayinta na yar wasan kwaikwayo fiye da gudummawar da ta bayar wajen yin lissafi. Koyaya, wannan kyakkyawar mace kuma mai hankali, wacce aka haifa a Austria a 1914, ita ce gaba -gaba ta baje kolin da ya danganci sadarwa mara waya.
Dangane da wannan, godiya ga manufar da Hedy Lamarr ya gabatar, lasisin da ya shafi tsarin jagorar rediyo daga baya aka samu. Bugu da ƙari, wannan mace mai fuskoki da yawa ta haɓaka fasahar hopping mita, wanda aka yi amfani da ita sosai a fagen aikin soja.
A ƙarshe, ayyukan Hedy Lamarr sun wakilci bidi'a ta gaskiya a fagen sadarwa. Dangane da wannan, zamu iya tabbatar da cewa sune suka fara fasahar Bluetooth, wanda daga baya ya ci gaba zuwa abin da muka sani a yau azaman siginar WiFi.
juda milhon
Jude Milhon, wanda aka haifa a Amurka a 1939, mace ce wacce rayuwar ta cike da rikici. To, tun tana karama ta sadaukar da kanta ga fafutukar kare hakkin jama’a, wanda ya kai ta gidan yari a lokuta daban -daban.
Koyaya, shi ma ya shahara a wani fanni, kamar: kwamfuta. Dangane da wannan, an gane Jude Milhon a matsayin mai kare masu kutse, sana'ar da ta sadaukar da kanta ga yawancin rayuwarta.
A wannan bangare na ƙarshe, yana da kyau a fayyace cewa ita ba kawai fitacciyar gwanin kwamfuta ba ce, amma ita ma ƙwararriyar mai tsara shirye -shirye ce. Bugu da ƙari, ya yi fafutukar haƙƙin sirrin kan Intanet da haƙƙoƙin dijital gaba ɗaya.
Radiya Joy Perlman.
Raliya Perlman
A nata bangaren, an haifi Radia Joy Perlman a Amurka a shekarar 1951, inda ta sadaukar da yawancin rayuwarta ga ci gaban fasaha. Ta wannan hanyar, zamu iya cewa ita muhimmiyar mai kirkirar software ce kuma kyakkyawar injiniyan cibiyar sadarwa.
Dangane da wannan, muna da cewa Radia Perlman a halin yanzu an san ta da Uwar Intanet. To, muhimman ra'ayoyi da suka danganci ladubban sadarwa da tsaro ana danganta su.
Carol shaw
Wannan shahararriyar mace, mai suna Carol Shaw injiniyan lantarki ce, ƙwararre a fannin sarrafa kwamfuta, wacce aka haifa a Amurka a 1955. Gabaɗaya, za mu iya cewa game da ita cewa an san ta a duk duniya saboda kasancewarta mai ƙera wasannin bidiyo na farko da muka yi. hadu.
Koyaya, bayan nasarar da ya samu a wannan sabon yanki, ya yi watsi da ƙirar wasan bidiyo kuma ya sadaukar da kansa don ƙirƙirar manyan kwamfutoci. Dangane da haka, daga can, ta yi ƙoƙarin inganta amincin wannan nau'in kwamfutar.
Wasu gudummawar da wasu mata suka bayar wajen bunƙasa bayanai
Kamar yadda za mu iya tsammani, a cikin shekaru da yawa mata da yawa sun yi nasu alama a duniyar kwamfuta. Koyaya, a ƙasa za mu gabatar da wasu mahimman ayyukan da suka haɓaka don fifita ci gaban fasaha.
E-littafi
Gabaɗaya sharuddan, littafin e-book ko littafin lantarki yana nufin sigar dijital na littafi, dole ya bambanta da na yanzu na mai karanta littafin lantarki. Dangane da wannan, muna da cewa Ángela Ruíz Robles, wanda aka haife shi a Spain a 1895, shine ya ɗauki matakan farko na haɓaka wannan ra'ayi.
Dangane da wannan, muna da Angela Ruíz Robles sanannen malamin Mutanen Espanya, wanda koyaushe yana nuna sha'awar inganta ƙwarewar koyarwa. Ta wannan hanyar, a cikin 1949 ya sami nasarar tsara ƙira ta farko don encyclopedia na injiniya, wanda aka samar da samfur shekaru bayan haka wanda ake ɗauka shine farkon littafin e-book.
Pixel Art
Fasahar pixel ita ce mafi girman fa'idar fasahar dijital, wanda ke nufin gyara hotunan pixel ta pixel. Dangane da wannan, ana aiwatar da wannan hanyar ta amfani da shirye -shirye na musamman, kamar: Pain.NET, Pickle, Microsoft Paint, da sauransu.
Bugu da ƙari, yana da mahimmanci a ambaci cewa wanda ya fara wannan ƙirar ƙirar ita ce Susan Kare, Ba’amurke mai zane da zanen hoto, an haife ta a 1954. Haka kuma, ita ce mai ƙera tambarin rubutu na Apple, wanda ta dogara da tsarin pixels; Bugu da ƙari, ita ce marubucin mafi yawan gumakan da ake lura da su a cikin tsarin aiki.
Kasadar zane
Gabaɗaya, nau'in wasan kasada mai hoto yana nufin wasannin bidiyo inda mai kunnawa ke hulɗa da abubuwan da ke kewaye da shi. Wannan don ƙoƙarin amsa yanayi daban -daban da ke tasowa ta hanyar rikice -rikice daban -daban.
Ƙari ga haka, muna da abubuwan da suka faru na zane -zane sun bambanta da abubuwan da suka faru na zance saboda tsohon ya haɗa da wuraren da aka kwatanta maimakon rubutu. A ƙarshe, dole ne mu ambaci cewa wannan muhimmin ci gaba a duniyar wasannin bidiyo aikin Roberta Williams ne, musamman game da wasanni don kwamfutoci na sirri.
Hoton kwamfuta
Katherine Louise Bouman, wacce aka fi sani da Katie Bouman, masanin kimiyyar Amurka ce da aka haifa a shekarar 1989. Muna bin ta da sake gina hoton farko na ramin baƙar fata, wanda zai yiwu saboda karatun ta akan hoton kwamfuta..
Dangane da wannan, yana da mahimmanci a ambaci cewa ita ce babban mahaliccin algorithm wanda ya ba mu damar ɗaukar hoton hoton da muke magana a cikin sakin layi na baya. A gefe guda kuma, aikin da ake kira Harvard Black Hole Initiative yana aiki ne bisa ƙirƙirar cibiyar sadarwa na eriyoyin rediyo wanda ke ba da damar ɗaukar hotunan.
Ka'idar maye gurbin Liskov
Ka'idar maye gurbin Liskov tana da alaƙa kai tsaye da shirye-shiryen da ke da alaƙa, musamman ga kafuwar gado wanda ke nuna wannan yanayin. Bugu da ƙari, wannan ra'ayi aikin injiniyoyin Amurka ne: Barbara Liskov da Jeannette Wing, waɗanda suka sadaukar da kansu sosai ga kimiyyar kwamfuta.
A gefe guda, yana da mahimmanci a ambaci cewa bayanin ƙa'idar canji na Liskov yana kafa jigo na gaba: kowane aji da aka gada daga wani ana iya amfani dashi ba tare da bambanci tsakanin su ba. Daga ƙarshe, zamu iya cewa wannan ƙa'idar tana aiki don haɓaka ingancin lambar shirin.