Ikakhulukazi asinaki kakhulu kumadivayisi athile angaphakathi e-PC, futhi enye yawo inkumbulo ye-ROM. Ingenye yezingxenye ezibaluleke kakhulu ezakha ikhompuyutha, njengoba iyingxenye ebaluleke kakhulu ochungechungeni lokuqalisa ikhompuyutha. Kulesi sihloko sizokutshela Iyini i-ROM Memory, izinhlobo nezici zayo.
Iyini inkumbulo ye-ROM?
I-ROM Memory noma ephinde ihlukaniseke njenge-Read-only Memory iyingcezwana yokugcina esetshenziswa kumakhompuyutha namathuluzi kagesi, egunyaza kuphela ukufundwa kokusesha kodwa engawuvumeli umbhalo wakho wesandla, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ukhona noma cha amandla noma umthombo wamandla. .
Idatha egcinwe kumemori ye-ROM ayikwazi ukuguqulwa noma ukulungiswa, noma okungenani hhayi ngendlela edizayo noma elula. Isetshenziselwa ikakhulukazi ukunamathisela i-firmware 2, okungeyona into engaphezu kohlelo oluhlobene nehadiwe ethile futhi okungenzeka ukuthi idinga ukuvuselelwa okuvamile noma ezinye izinto ezidingekayo ekusebenzeni kwemishini, njengezinhlelo eziqala ikhompyutha ukwenza. zokuxilonga.
Kumodi eqinile, ibuyekeza kuphela isikhumba se-ROM esenziwe ngedatha yokulondoloza njalo, ngakho okuqukethwe kwayo akukwazi ukuguqulwa nganoma iyiphi indlela. Nokho, ama-ROM amasha (njengama-EPROM kanye nama-Flash EEPROM) akwazi ukusulwa ngempumelelo futhi ahlelwe kabusha izikhathi eziningi futhi asabizwa ngokuthi "inkumbulo efundwayo kuphela" noma "i-ROM."
Isizathu sokuqhubeka ubafonele ukuthi inqubo yokuhlela kabusha imvamisa incane kakhulu, ihamba kancane uma kuqhathaniswa, futhi ngokuvamile ayikuvumeli ukubhala ezindaweni ezingahleliwe enkumbulweni. Nakuba i-ROM ilula, i-hardware ekhanyayo ivumelana nezimo futhi ishibhile, yingakho izikhumba ze-ROM ezindala zingavamile ukubonakala ku-hardware ekhiqizwa ngemva kuka-2007.
Umsebenzi we-ROM
Empeleni, umsebenzi we-ROM yangaphakathi yekhompyutha yakho (ikakhulukazi kukhompuyutha) ukugcina wonke amakhodi okuqalisa abalulekile nezinqubo zigcinwe futhi zingashintshiwe, ukuze i-PC iqaliswe nsuku zonke, ngazo zonke izikhathi, futhi ngaphandle kwanoma yiziphi izinguquko. siyivula ngendlela efanayo.
Phakathi kwemisebenzi eminingi elawula inqubo yokuqalisa ye-PC eyenziwa yimemori ye-ROM, enye yazo ibaluleke kakhulu futhi ukuqala uhlelo lokusebenza lwekhompyutha. Siyazi ukuthi ngaphandle kwayo, amakhompyutha anamuhla abengeke asetshenziswe. I-ROM iphinde ibe nesibopho sokwenza konke ukuskena kwesistimu nokuhlolwa kokuqala, kanye nezinqubo eziningi zokulawula zawo wonke ama-peripherals okokufaka nokukhiphayo.
Izinhlobo ze-ROM Memory
Lawa bekungama-ROM okuqala asungulwa futhi abhalwa ngenxa yokuthi amagama awo mbumbulu asho ukuthi anemvelo yokufunda kuphela yedatha egcinwe kuwo. Njengamanye ama-adaptation wememori ye-ROM, banamandla okusebenza ngokuzimela ngaphandle kwamandla kagesi ajikeleza kudivayisi ukuze agcine ulwazi olusebenza kuwo, futhi ukwakheka kwawo ikakhulukazi i-silicon ne-silicate. Banamandla okudlulisa nokuthutha amandla kagesi.
Amandla azenzakalelayo azungeza kukhompyutha awabalulekile, kodwa amaza emisinga akhiqizwa amandla kagesi asadingeka ukuze kugcinwe idatha.
Ngokuyisisekelo, kunezinhlobo ezimbili zememori ezisetshenziselwa ukugcina izindlela zokuqalisa idivayisi: ehlelekayo nengahleleleki. Uhlobo lwesibili, olwakhiwe inkumbulo ye-ROM kanye nenkumbulo ye-PROM, alusasetshenziswa emkhakheni wekhompyutha, ngenxa yokuthi esikhundleni sazo sezithathelwe indawo yizinkumbulo ezingabhalwa ngaphezulu, okusho ukuthi, uhlobo lokuqala lwenkumbulo, lapho inkumbulo ye-EPROM ne-EEPROM . Izinhlobo zezinkumbulo yilezi:
I-ROM (Inkumbulo Efundwayo Kuphela)
I-ROM (Inkumbulo Efundwayo Kuphela) ngesiNgisi, yayihlanganisa inkumbulo yezinhlamvu ezifundwayo kuphela ezakhiwe. Ukugcina ulwazi, kwasetshenziswa uhlelo oluhilela ukusetshenziswa kwamacwecwe e-silicone namaski, ngakho-ke imisebenzi yezandla yayingenakwenzeka. Inkumbulo yohlobo lwe-ROM yathathelwa indawo yi-EPROM kanye nezinkumbulo zohlobo lwe-EEPROM, lapho yokugcina ingabhalwa ngaphezulu.
Njengamanje, izinkumbulo ezinjalo ze-ROM azisetshenziswa ekwakhiweni kwamakhompiyutha noma izixhumi zeselula ngoba zibhekwa njengezingasebenzi, aziguquki kakhulu futhi, ngaphezu kokushintshwa, zibiza kakhulu ukudala nokugcina. Isebenza kuphela ezandleni zochwepheshe abanolwazi emkhakheni wekhompyutha. Uma izingxenye zilungiseka futhi zilimale ngendlela engenakulungiseka, kuzoletha izindleko zezezimali eziqhubekayo kumsebenzisi wekhompyutha.
I-PROM (Inkumbulo Efundwayo Kuphela Ehlelwayo)
Izinkumbulo ze-PROM noma Inkumbulo Ehlelekayo Yokufunda Kuphela zinekhwalithi ekhethekile ababengaphambi kwazo ababengenayo. Bakwazi ukucushwa futhi baphathe kuphela ukufunda ulwazi oluhlanganisiwe futhi olulondolozwe kuzo. Ukudalwa kanye nokuqaliswa kwale modeli yenkumbulo ye-ROM kuhlehlela emuva kuma-1950. Ukusetshenziswa kwalokhu kuhilela ukuthi i-voltage yama-volts ayishumi nambili (12) kuya ku-volts angamashumi amabili (20) ingaphathwa ukuze kugcinwe ulwazi enkumbulweni, ngoba ukuguqulwa okukhulunywe ngakho ngenhla. ikhiqiza i-voltage eyenza inkumbulo isebenze.
Ngokufanayo, inkumbulo ye-PROM inochungechunge lwama-diode anegama mbumbulu elithi "ROM Programmer" kumjikelezo wayo ohlanganisiwe, futhi icubungula amakhodi kanambambili ukuze ihlelwe futhi ifeze imisebenzi yayo. Esimeni sokugcwala kwamagagasi kagesi, inani kanambambili elingu-1 kulezi zinkumbulo lihambisana nokumelana nokusebenza kwenkumbulo, kuyilapho ama-diode ethola inani kanambambili elingu-0 lapho kususwa ukulayishwa okungaphezulu kanye nokudlula kwawo kwamanje, okungukuthi, kuzinzile. njengoketshezi.
Kodwa-ke, kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi ukungahambi kahle kwalezi zingxenye ukuthi ama-diode angonakaliswa ukukhishwa kukagesi okubangelwa ukugcwala ngokweqile, okubangela ukungabi nalutho nokuhlakazeka emakethe yekhompyutha ngenxa yezindleko zabo eziphezulu. Lezi zinkumbulo azikwazi ukuhlangabezana nezidingo ezisungulwe abasebenzisi ukugcina ulwazi lwabo.
I-EPROM (Inkumbulo Elungisekayo Efundeka Kuphela)
Inkumbulo ye-EPROM iyona esetshenziswa kakhulu kuzo zonke izinto eziphathwayo ezifana nomakhalekhukhwini, amaphrosesa ngisho nemishini yokuzijabulisa neyolwazi. Iphinde ibeke ukuthi inkumbulo yokugcina idatha inamandla angashintshiwe kanye nekhwalithi edingekayo ezinhlelweni eziningi, ngaphezu kokucushwa okuyisisekelo kanye nedatha yokufaka ingasuswa futhi ilungiswe. Isifinyezo sememori ye-EPROM nge-Spanish sithi “Inkumbulo Ehlelekayo futhi Esulekayo Efundeka Kuphela”.
Banekhwalithi ekhethekile yokugcinwa nokuhlukaniswa, okwenziwa ngendlela ekhethekile ngokusebenzisa i-irradiation noma ukukhanya okukhulu, okungukuthi, njengokukhanya kwe-ultraviolet, okunekhwalithi yamandla anamandla, iyakwazi ukuqeda noma yikuphi ukwehluleka enkumbulo. futhi ikwazi ukulungisa amaphutha ashiwo ngenhla ngendlela elula nesheshayo.
EEPROM
Lena imodeli yenkumbulo ye-ROM engahlelwa, isulwe futhi ihlelwe kabusha ngamandla, engafani ne-EPROM okumelwe isulwe kusetshenziswa okokusebenza okukhipha ukukhanya kwe-ultraviolet futhi kuvame ukuba izinkumbulo ezizwelayo.
Ngokungafani namanye ama-ROM, le nkumbulo inamandla kagesi futhi ihlola isibuyekezo ngasinye ngendlela ephelele ukuze kwenziwe ukuhlola okujulile ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuqedwa kwedatha okuhle kakhulu. Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yokucubungula okubuhlungu kanye nokuhlaziywa okujulile kwedatha eyenziwe yile modi ye-ROM, uma idatha isingathwa futhi ilinde ngokungalungile, umsebenzi wayo unganciphisa ngokushesha. Isifinyezo sememori ye-EEPROM nge-Spanish sithi “Inkumbulo Efundeka Kagesi Esulekayo Ehlelekayo”.
I-EAROM
Kuyimodeli ye-EEPROM futhi iyakwazi ukushintsha kancane kancane. Inqubo yokubhala iphuzile kakhulu futhi idinga amandla kagesi aphezulu, ngokuvamile acishe abe ngamavolthi ayishumi nambili (12), futhi okufanayo kusetshenziselwa okokufaka okufundiwe. I-EAROM ifanele izinhlelo zokusebenza ngokuvamile ezingadingi ukubhalwa kabusha kwengxenye.
I-EARM ingasetshenziswa njengebhafa engaguquki ukuze uthole isaziso esibalulekile mayelana nokumelwa kwenqubo. Emisebenzini eyahlukene, i-EAROM ithathelwe indawo yi-CMOS RAM ehlinzekwe yinethiwekhi futhi isekelwa amabhethri e-lithium. Isifinyezo sememori ye-EAROM nge-Spanish sithi “Inkumbulo Efundeka Kuphela Eguquleka Kagesi”.
Imemori ye-Flash
Le nkumbulo iyimodeli yakamuva ye-EEPROM eklanywe ngo-1984. Inkumbulo ye-flash ishesha kakhulu ukusula nokuyibhala kabusha kune-EEPROM evamile, futhi imidwebo yamanje ichaza ngokwengeziwe ukukhuthazela okuphezulu okukhulu kunezikhathi eziyisigidi (1.000.000).
I-NAND Flash yesimanje isebenzisa ngempumelelo indawo ye-silicon chip, okuholela kuma-IC angawodwana anamandla afinyelela ku-32 GB kusukela ngo-2007; Le khwalithi, kanye namandla ayo angokomzimba nokuqina, yenze kwaba lula ukuthi i-NAND Flash ithathele indawo kazibuthe kwezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza (ezifana namadrayivu e-USB). Imemori ye-Flash ngezinye izikhathi ibizwa ngokuthi i-Flash ROM noma i-Flash EEPROM uma isetshenziswa esikhundleni sezinhlobo ze-ROM ezindala, kodwa hhayi ezinhlelweni ezisebenzisa ithuba lokukwazi ukushintshwa ngokushesha futhi njalo.
Isivinini Sokufunda
Nakuba ukuhlobana phakathi kwejubane le-RAM nenkumbulo ye-ROM kushintshile ngokuhamba kweminyaka, kusukela ngo-2.007, i-RAM ifundwa ngokushesha kunama-ROM amaningi, ngakho-ke okuqukethwe kwe-ROM kungadluliselwa ngokujwayelekile ku-RAM.
Bhala isivinini
Ezinhlotsheni ze-ROM ezibhaleka ngogesi, isivinini sokubhala sihlala sihamba kancane kunejubane lokufunda. Lokhu kwakamuva kungase kudinge ama-voltage aphezulu ngokungavamile, ama-jumpers ukuze kunikwe amandla imodi yokubhala, nemiyalo ekhethekile yokuvula. Inkumbulo ye-Flash ye-NAND ifinyelela isivinini sokubhala esiphezulu kunazo zonke kuzo zonke izinhlobo ze-ROM ehlelwa kabusha, kuyilapho ibhala ngamabhulokhi amakhulu amaseli enkumbulo, ifinyelela ku-15MB/s.
Umehluko phakathi kwe-ROM, EPROM kanye ne-EEPROM Memories
Umehluko phakathi kwabo unembile kakhulu futhi usobala, ngoba uhlobo lokuqala lwenkumbulo ye-ROM lusetshenziselwa kuphela ukufunda idatha yokufaka, ehambisana nedatha eyinhloko yesistimu yokusebenza, kuhlanganise ne-Framework, i-Firmware futhi, okokuqala, i-BIOS ikhompuyutha ayikwazi ukuguqula idatha noma izinhlelo zokusebenza. Izinhlelo njengokucushwa kwangaphakathi, ngaleyo ndlela zigwema izibuyekezo zesofthiwe zokuthuthukiswa okukhethekile nokusebenza ngempumelelo kwehadiwe yedivayisi.
Ngokufanayo, izimfanelo ezibalulwe ngenhla zisusiwe ku-EPROM naku-EEPROM ROM, ngakho-ke idatha eshiwo ngenhla inesimo esisha nesesikhathini samanje, esiyenza isebenze kakhulu, futhi ihlinzeka abasebenzisi ngekhwalithi engcono, isibonelo, okuningi. ukusebenza kwendabuko, okulula nokusha. Ngokuqondene nemisebenzi yekhompiyutha nayo yonke isofthiwe ekuyo, ngokufanayo, ngenxa yekhwalithi yokuguqulwa nokubuyekezwa kwedatha, ukusebenzisana okubushelelezi nokuzinzile phakathi kwesofthiwe ne-hardware yocingo kungenziwa. .
Ngokuqondene nenkumbulo ye-ROM, njengoba idatha ezocutshungulwa kukhompyutha ihlelwe engxenyeni eyinhloko ngokuzenzakalelayo, ukubhala akuvunyelwe. Kodwa-ke, uma idatha ifakwe ngohlelo oluhlelwe kabusha kumemori okukhulunywa ngayo, iyengezwa futhi ivinjwe ukuze kuvinjelwe noma yiluphi uhlobo lokubhala, ukususwa noma ngisho nokwebiwa kolwazi olugcinwe kuyo.
Ngokuphambene nalokho, izinkumbulo ze-ROM EPROM kanye ne-EEPROM zinekhwalithi evumela uhlelo olusha kuzo, ukuze zikwazi nokuvuselela isilawuli nanoma yiluphi uhlobo lwesofthiwe ehleliwe, efakiwe futhi egcinwe kumemori eshiwo. Futhi idatha ayihlelwanga ngaphambili kulolu hlobo lwememori ye-ROM, evumela ukusebenziseka okungcono, futhi ngisho nale nkumbulo ingabonakala ngokuphumelelayo, kalula futhi eshibhile.
Uma uthole lesi sihloko sithakazelisa kakhulu Iyini i-ROM Memory ungangabazi ukufaka izixhumanisi ezilandelayo ezibaluleke kakhulu kuwena ofunda kahle.
Thola konke mayelana ukuhlukaniswa kwehadiwe futhi yiziphi izinhlobo zabo
Ngena uhlangane no Izinhlobo ze-PC Cases incazelo yalo, izici nokunye
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