Tarihin masu sarrafawa Wannan shine babban asalinsa!

La tarihin masu sarrafawa Tun lokacin da aka ƙaddamar da ƙirar IBM 5150 na farko, ya ci gaba tare da kowane tsararraki, har ya kai ga bayar da su ga miliyoyin mutanen da ke amfani da kwamfutoci, injin ɗin da ke da hankali na wucin gadi. Idan kuna son ƙarin sani game da waɗannan, muna gayyatar ku don ci gaba da karanta wannan labarin.

Tarihin masu sarrafawa

Kafin mu fara da tarihi da sauye -sauyen da masu sarrafawa ke da su tun lokacin da aka halicce su, dole ne mu tuna cewa lokacin da muke magana game da su, muna nufin ɓangaren zahiri ko na zahiri na tsarin kwamfutar da ke cikin na’ura mai shirye -shirye ko kwamfuta.

Tun da fasaha ta bulla a cikin al'umma, wasu mutane ne kawai ke da halayen da suka dace don samun damar amfani da kwamfutoci na farko da sarrafawa waɗanda suka fito a cikin 50s da 60s.

Waɗannan injina ne waɗanda za su iya mamaye ɗaki gaba ɗaya, saboda girman su kuma mutum ɗaya ba zai iya kula da shi ba, don haka manyan kamfanoni, sojoji, gwamnatoci, da sauransu, sun yi amfani da su gaba ɗaya. daga gida.

Dangane da ci gaban da aka samu don sassa daban -daban waɗanda ke yin kwamfutoci, waɗancan manyan injinan na lokacin an bar su a baya, suna ba da dama ga ƙananan ƙananan kwamfutoci masu sauƙi waɗanda ke da babban ci gaba a fannin sadarwa.

Ta yaya kwamfuta ta canza duniya?

Bayan manyan abubuwan da suka nuna tarihin duniya, tare da abubuwan da suka faru a zamanin masana’antu da yakin duniya na biyu, manyan kasashen duniya sun fahimci cewa suna bukatar tsarin da aka tsara don kare bayanan da suka mallaka, yayin da ake kiyaye shi. daga duk wanda yake son rarrabe shi ko raba shi da abokan gaba.

Don wannan, suna buƙatar ƙirƙirar tsarin da zai tsara da aiwatar da duk waɗannan bayanan cikin tsari mai sauƙi kuma waɗanda za su iya yin karatu a yau, gobe ko shekaru da yawa daga yanzu. Daga nan ya taso, gine -ginen Von Neumann.

John Von Neumann ne ya ƙirƙira shi a cikin shekarun 40 don ɗayan manyan madafun iko da suka wanzu a lokacin, Amurka. Wannan makirci ne da ke bayanin aikin kwayoyin halittar da kwamfuta ke amfani da ita don aiwatar da duk ayyukan da ɗan adam ke so, ba tare da buƙatar canza fasalin jikinsa ba.

Dangane da wannan, kwamfutar tana da ikon samun jerin matakan da injin na cikin zai iya ɓatawa da aiwatarwa cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci, yana iya motsawa daga abu ɗaya a jerin zuwa wani bayan kammalawa. Wannan ya dogara ne akan abubuwa uku:

• Bangaren sarrafawa wanda rukunin sarrafawa da ALU suka kafa.
• Ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya.
• Shigo da tashar jiragen ruwa don cimma sadarwa tare da mai amfani.

Anyi amfani da wannan a karon farko a cikin Mai haɗa Lambobi da Kwamfuta (ENIAC) a cikin shekarun 1.946 da 1.955 tare da gwamnatin Amurka, amma saboda aiki mai sauƙi da wannan makircin ya gabatar, an karɓi gine -ginen Von Neumann kuma ya dace da kayan aikin fasaha na zamani da muka sani a yau.

Ta yaya kwamfutocin farko a tarihi suka yi aiki?

An ƙera kwamfutocin farko don yin aiki bisa tsarin binary, wanda ya ƙunshi tsarin da ya yi kama da ƙima da mutane ke amfani da su, amma suna amfani da 0 da 1 kawai.

Dangane da waɗannan lambobi biyu, duk bayanan da ke shiga kwamfuta an gina su, amma duk da cewa yana aiki bisa tsarin binary, yana da wuya saboda wasu kayan aikin da ke wanzu a yau, waɗanda suka fi ci gaba da sauƙi. ta mutane.

A cewar kwararru, tsarin binary na ɗaya daga cikin mafi sauƙi, tunda yana ba da damar ƙirƙirar da'irori don yin ayyukan lissafi ta hanyar da'irori na asali cikin sauƙi.

Mai aiwatarwa da Algorithm Menene matsayin sa?

An ƙera injin ɗin don sauƙaƙe da'irar lantarki da algorithm ke amfani da shi don yin aiki, waɗannan mutane ne suka ƙirƙiro su don gujewa matsaloli ko samun damar warware su cikin sauƙi.

Don zama takamaiman, lokacin da muke magana game da algorithm, muna komawa zuwa jerin umarnin umarni waɗanda aka tsara mataki -mataki kuma dole ne a bayyana su da kyau don inji ko kwamfutar ta iya aiwatar da ayyukan ba tare da babbar matsala ba.

Maimakon haka, processor ɗin shine ke da alhakin shigar da matakan cikin tsari sannan aiwatar da su. Ana tuna cewa waɗannan umarni gabaɗaya adadi ne, katse tsarin ko ajiya, kuma ana iya ɗaukar su azaman umarni mai sauƙi ko atomic da ke da ikon fahimta da aiwatarwa.

Menene farkon masu sarrafawa da aka bayyana?

An ƙirƙiri samfuran ƙirar masu sarrafawa na farko don yin aiki tare da bawuloli. A lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, shine lokacin da gwamnatocin da ke kula da ƙirar waɗannan injunan suka fahimci cewa wasu bayanan da aka sarrafa cikin sauri fiye da waɗanda ke aiki tare da lissafin ɗan adam.

Ƙungiya ta farko da ta zama sananne kuma ta yi aiki tare da gine -ginen Von Neumann, an kira ta Mai Haɗin Lambobi da Kwamfuta (ENIAC) kuma yana da halaye masu zuwa:

• Ya mamaye murabba'in murabba'in 167 kuma yayi nauyin kusan tan 27.
• Zai iya aiki tare da ninka 357 da ƙari 5000 a sakan na biyu.
• Tana da resistor 70.000.
• 17.488 bututun injin.
• 10.000 capacitors.
• Yana buƙatar kilowatts 160 don aiki.
• Tana da maɓallai na hannu 6000 ko maballin.

Bayan shekaru uku a cikin ƙira da gwaji, ya fara aiki a 1.946. J. Presper Eckert da J. Mauchly ne suka ƙera su suka bunƙasa a Jami'ar Pennsylvania, har zuwa 1.955 lokacin da suka daina aiki.

Samfura na farko sun yi fice don yin aiki tare da bawul ɗin injin da amfani da lambobin injin, don haka ci gaban ƙarni na biyu gaba ɗaya ba tsammani. Samun damar haskaka ɗimbin bawuloli da ƙarancin dogaro da suka gabatar, rumbun kwamfutoci na farko, transistors, tsarin aiki da mai amfani guda ɗaya ke amfani da shi da manyan harsuna.

A lokacin, an riga an ji labarin wanzuwar IBM a duniyar fasaha ta lokacin, amma a shekara ta 1.959, ta fito da wasu keɓaɓɓun injina na zamani a ƙarƙashin sunan IBM 7090. An yi la'akari da wannan a matsayin na’urar CPU transistor na farko a cikin tarihin kwamfuta, tare da ikon sau shida da kusan rabin darajar magabacinsa IBM 709.

Juyin Halitta Masu Aiki: Shekaru Na Farko

• 1970: Na'urar farko a tarihin masu sarrafawa ta AMD, AM 2501, an bayyana ta.
• 1971: Injin Intel na farko, samfurin 4004, ya fito.
• 1972: An saka kayan aikin 8-bit na farko da ake kira 8008 akan siyarwa.
• 1974: Intel ya tsara kuma ya fitar da samfurin 8080, wanda aka ɗauka mafi kyawun processor a lokacin.
• 1975: AMD's AM 9080 an sake shi, yana ɗaukar kansa clone na 8080 na Intel.
• 1976: Samfurin 8085, wanda zai iya aiki tare da 5 volts, ya shiga cikin dangin Intel.
• 1978: Mai sarrafa samfurin don waɗanda suka zo bayan an sake su, 8086 tare da ragowa 16 na ajiya.
• 1982: Dangane da wanda ya gabata, Intel ya tsara 80286, wanda manyan halayensa shine cewa yayi aiki tare da transistors dubu 134.
• 1985: An bayyana mai sarrafa 386 tare da rago 32 na ajiya.
• 1989: An fara kasuwa da i860 processor.
• 1992: An san processor na farko don kwamfutocin tebur da ikon sabunta tsarin yayin haɓaka aikin tsarin aiki.
• 1993: Farkon zamanin Pentium na Intel, wanda ke wakiltar babban ci gaba cikin sauri da iko.
• 1995: Samfurin da aka saki a wannan shekara an nuna shi ta ƙunshi babban guntu mai ƙarfi, wanda aka yi niyya ga sabobin ajiya 32-bit da kwamfutocin tebur.
• 1995 / 1999: An gabatar da processor na Celeron, an ƙaddamar da Pentium II Xeron, Pentium III Xeron da Intel Pentium III a kasuwa, haka kuma babban injin sarrafawa wanda ke cin ƙarancin kuzari don aiki. Mai wakiltar ɗaya daga cikin mahimman lokutan lokacin tarihin masu sarrafawa.
• 1999: ADM ta saki x86 da aka yi la'akari da ƙarni na bakwai.

2000-2014: Shekaru Masu Mayar da Aiki

• 2000: Sabunta Pentium 4, yana iya haskaka aikinsa tare da transistors miliyan 42.
• 2001: Itanium da Intel Xeron suna kan siyarwa.
• 2002: An buɗe guntun lamba ɗaya tare da 0,13 micron 300mm tare da injin inch 12.
• 2003: Intel Centrino an ƙera shi don amfani dashi a cikin ƙwararrun ƙwararrun kwamfutoci.
• 2003 / 2005: AMD ta bayyana sabbin abubuwan haɓakawa zuwa AMD64.
• 2006: An bayyana kayan aikin Quad-Core na farko, tare da fasahar da Intel Centrino Duos Mobile da Intel VIV suka mallaka.
• 2007: Sun sanya processor na Core II Quad a kasuwa. A cikin wannan shekarar, AMD ta kuma bayyana sabon salo na jerin Phenom X3 da Phenom II X3 tri-core, Phenom II X6, Phenom II X2 dual-core, da Phenom X4 da Phenom II X4 tare da quad-core.
• 2008: Ofaya daga cikin na'urori masu sarrafawa na farko da aka ƙera don na'urorin hannu suna nuna alamar tarihin masu sarrafawa, Intel tare da Atom, wanda ke da halayyar iya yin aiki tare da ƙaramin kuzari, ba tare da ɓata aikin sa ba.
• 2011: AMD ta ƙaddamar da microarchitecture don AMD APUs, wanda aka tsara don siyar da waɗancan mutanen da ƙarancin amfani da sabis kuma waɗanda basu da isasshen kuɗi, wannan shine yadda aka bayyana AMD Bobcat 14h.
• 2012: An ƙaddamar da ƙarni na uku na masu sarrafa Intel a ƙarƙashin sunan IVI Bridge.
• 2013: An fito da ƙarni na huɗu na masu sarrafa Intel Core a cikin wannan shekarar, ƙarƙashin sunan Haswell.
• 2014: An saki Intel Core M Broadwell.
• 2015: Sun sanya AMD Excavator don siyarwa.

Idan kuna son ƙarin sani game da tarihin masu sarrafawa da me ake nufi Intel, ziyarci labarinmu da gidan yanar gizon mu kuma inda zaku sami ƙarin bayani.

Sabuntawa a tarihin masu sarrafawa

Tun lokacin da aka fara shi, masu sarrafawa sun sami ci gaba a duk tarihin su dangane da ci gaban fasaha da bukatun ɗan adam.

Amma shekara ta 2.019 tana wakiltar babban motsi na juyin halitta a duniyar masu sarrafawa, iya lura da yadda AMD ta sami nasarori a cikin aikinta, wanda Intel ya kirkira har ma ya zarce manyan halayensa, yana sarrafawa don ƙira da sanya masu sarrafawa masu ƙarfi da yawa kamar 3970X a kasuwa ..

Tun daga wannan lokacin, ana tsammanin Intel zai ƙaddamar da wani memba na dangin mai sarrafawa, amma ADM ya sami nasarar ci gaba da samun samfuri tare da babban aiki da ƙarancin amfani da makamashi akan dandalin 7nm +.

Har zuwa 2.020, ana tsammanin Intel zai ba da samfuri tare da babban cache kuma hakan na iya inganta tsarin ayyukan cikin gida a cikin na'urar, musamman yankin ƙirƙirar bidiyo da bayarwa, tare da ƙaddamar da samfurin samfurin tare da 10nm.

AMD da Intel sun sami nasarar ƙirƙirar gasa ta musamman a yankin fasaha, tunda bayan ƙaddamar da sabon samfuri kowane kamfani yana neman hanyar da zai ɗauki mataki gaba da sanya kansa sama da ɗayan, don haka ba abin mamaki bane cewa ci gaban ya kasance kowace rana mafi girma a cikin ƙirƙirar masu sarrafawa.

Masu sarrafa wayar hannu

Lokacin magana game da halayen wayar salula mai kaifin baki, mai sarrafawa yana ɗaukar sarari mai mahimmanci a cikin waɗannan, tun bayan 'yan shekaru yanzu, wasu daga cikin waɗannan ƙungiyoyin sun sami nasarar gadon ƙayyadaddun bayanai ko shirye -shiryen da ake amfani da su a cikin kwamfutoci na sirri ko na tebur.

Saboda wannan, mutanen da ke siyan wayar hannu a yau, suna neman halayen processor kafin yin sayan, da kuma kamfanin da ya ƙera shi.

MediaTek, Kirin, Qualcomm da Exynos sune manyan kamfanoni guda huɗu waɗanda aka sadaukar don ƙira da ƙirƙirar masu sarrafawa don kayan aikin tarho, suna nuna ƙwarewar su don yin aiki, ajiya ko kuma idan suna da alaƙa da manyan kamfanoni kamar AMD da Intel. Wasu daga cikin waɗannan masu sarrafawa waɗanda ke da alaƙa da waɗannan kamfanonin sune:

Mediatek, tsakiyar kewayo da shigarwa

Asali daga Taiwan, an san shi a yau saboda babban tarihinta a cikin ƙirƙirar semiconductors. Babban hedkwatarsa ​​yana cikin birnin Hsinchu, a ƙasar da ta fito.

Wannan kamfani yana yin na'urori masu sarrafawa don matsakaicin matsakaici da matakin shigarwa, amma 'yan shekarun da suka gabata, sun yanke shawarar ƙera manyan na'urori masu sarrafawa tare da babban aiki mai dacewa da dandamalin 5G, kamar na'urar su ta Dimensity 1000.

Snapdragon: Daya daga cikin mashahuran masu sarrafawa

Qualcomm kamfani ne na Amurka wanda aka kafa a 1.985, tun daga wannan lokacin suka sami nasarar sanya kansu a cikin muhimman matsayi a kasuwar fasaha. Wani abin ban sha’awa game da wannan kamfani shi ne cewa Kamfanin Samfuran Fina -Finan na Taiwan Semiconductor ke kera masu sarrafa shi, wani muhimmin masana’antun asalin Sinanci da ke Taiwan.

Ofaya daga cikin sabbin na'urori masu sarrafawa da wannan kamfani ya ƙaddamar a kasuwa shine Snapdragon 865+ mai ƙarfi, amma kuma ya bayyana wani muhimmin tsari don fasahar wayar hannu a cikin 2021, Snapdragon 888 5G.

Exynos: Mai sarrafa sabon Galaxy

Yana iya zama baƙon abu a gare mu cewa ɗaya daga cikin manyan kamfanonin kayan aikin hannu na duniya a yau shima yana tsara masu sarrafawa. Amma me ya sa ba za a yi ba?

Samsung ya yanke shawarar bai wa abokan cinikin sa samfurin inganci mai inganci tare da fasali na musamman da hadin kai wanda zai yi fice a kasuwa cike da na’urorin tafi da gidanka. Kasuwancin LSI na farko ya haɓaka S5PC110 don Galaxy S a cikin 2.010, fara ƙirar masu sarrafawa masu ƙarfi kamar Exynos 990 don Galaxy Note 20 ko Exynos 4210 SoC don Galaxy SII.

Kirin: The Huawei Brain

Kirin 9000 na 5nm, a yau shine babban processor wanda yayi nasarar kawo kasuwa ga kamfanonin da suka shafi ƙirƙirar waɗannan abubuwan. Koyaya, ci gabanta ya kasance cikin matsala saboda ƙuntatawa daban -daban da Gwamnatin Amurka ta sanya dangane da waɗannan ƙungiyoyin.

Masu sarrafa Iphone A

Kamfanonin Samfuran Kamfanoni na Taiwan Semiconductor ne ke kera su, iri ɗaya ne ke da alhakin ƙirƙirar Snapdragon. Amma muhimmiyar hujja da mutane kalilan suka sani game da waɗannan ita ce an ƙera su akan ƙa'idodin Apple da tsarin ARM ɗin sa.

Na’ura ta ƙarshe da suka buɗe ita ce A14 Bionic, wanda aka ƙera don kwamfutar su ta iPhone 12, wacce aka ɗauka ɗayan mafi ƙarfi da inganci a tarihin iPhone da masu sarrafawa.

Menene halayen da ke sa ingantaccen processor yayi fice?

• Amfani da Wuta (CPU): An gano shi tare da W na watts kuma kamar yadda muka fada a baya, masu sarrafawa mafi girma suna cinye ƙarin ƙarfi, suna sa na'urar ta kasance ƙasa da lokaci tare da batir.
• Plinth: Su ne masu haɗin haɗin da na'urar ke da alaƙa da motherboard. Kafin siyan kowane processor, bincika wanda ya dace da mahaifiyar ku.
• Agogo: Yawan agogo na ciki wanda kowane mai sarrafawa yana da shi, galibi ana kiransa Ghz ko Mhz, asali shine ikon da ƙarfin kuzarin yake da shi.
• Yawan tsakiya: Ƙarin lambobi na kayan aikin da na'urar ke da su, ƙarin ayyukan da zai iya yi ba tare da haɗarin kurakurai ko asarar bayanai ba.
• Cache: Wannan yana da alhakin adana ko sarrafa ƙarin bayanan da ƙwaƙwalwar RAM na na'urar ba zata iya adanawa ba.

Muna gayyatar ku don ziyartar labarin mu akan tsarin aiki na wayar hannu na wayoyi da iri da suke wanzu a yau.